Astronomy   View all facts   Glossary   Help

physical object > natural object > particle > element > light element

light element comparison table

Subject	has pronunciation	has space group	has stable isotope	has thermal neutron capture cross section	has rigidity modulu	has synonym	has isotope mass range	has heat of vaporization	has discoverer	has thermal conductivity	has discovery date	has occurrence	has name origin	has linear expansion coefficient	has heat of fusion	has specimen	has main mining area	has critical pressure	has daily dietary intake	has lethal intake	has ocean residence time	has mineral	has melting point	has neutron scattering length	has image	has ocean concentration	has covalent radii	has term symbol	has crystal cell dimension	has mass of element in person	has poisson's ratio	has appearancee	has reserve	has ocean oxidation state	is a kind of	has young's modulu	has state	has heat capacity	has bulk modulu	has van der Waals radii	has Spanish translation	has molar volume	has definition	has boiling point	has hazard	has biological role	has ionic radii	has French translation	has electrical resistivity	has relative atomic mass	has chief source	has electron affinity	has registry number	has density	has atomic radii	has atomic number	has mass magnetic susceptibility	has hardness	has discovery location	has number of isotope	has toxic intake	has abundance	has Italian translation	has atomic emission line	reacts with	has triple point temperature	has longest lived isotope	has symbol	has use	has crystal type	has world production	has electron configuration	has number of proton	has German translation	has mass absorption coefficient	has level in human	has electronegativity	has critical temperature	has group
beryllium	be-ril-iuhm	Im3m for β-Be		0.0092 barns	156 GPa	atom	6 to 11	308.8 kJ mol-1	Nicholas Louis Vauquelin	200 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1797	ocean	beryllos = beryl from Greek	11.5 × 10-6 K-1	9.80 kJ mol-1	lumps, powder. Danger !	Brazil, USA, Madagascar, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, India		0.01 mg	317 mg kg-1 acetate in rat	4000 years	beryl, bertrandite, chrysoberyl, gadolinite, herderite	1551 ± 5 K	0.779 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	89 pm	1S0 in ground state	a = 255.15 pm for β-Be	0.036 mg for a 70 kg average person	0.02 GPa		400000 tonnes	II	recycled oceanic element	318 GPa		20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	110 GPa			4.88 cm3	Silvery-white, lustrous, relatively soft metal which is unaffected by air or water, even at red heat. Rare and fragile element. Nuclear reactions in stars destroy it. Most and possibly all beryllium originated when cosmic rays smashed into heavier atoms in space and split them into lighter ones, such as beryllium.	3243 K under pressure	inhalation of dust causes severe and irreparable lung damage	none	34 pm for Be+		4.0 × 10-8 Ω m at 293 K	9.012182 in units of 12C = 12.000	beryl, bertrandite	-18 kJ mol-1 from Be to Be-	7440-41-7 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1847.7 kg m-3 for solid at 293 K	113 pm	4	-1.3 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for solid	malleable, extrudable and machinable	Paris, France	6 including nuclear isomers	13 mg kg-1 in rat	22 × 10-8 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater		527.081 nm for Be II			beryllium 9	Be	copper alloys used to make spark proof tools	b.c.c. for β-Be	364 tonnes year-1	[He]2s2 in ground state	4		cm2 g-1 0.298 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.00075 p.p.m. in muscle	1.57 Pauling
boron	bohr-on	R3m for α-B		767 barns		atom	8 to 13	538.9 kJ mol-1	L.J. Lussac and L.J. Thenard	27.0 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1808	ocean	buraq from Arabic	5 × 10-6 K-1	22.2 kJ mol-1	crystals, pieces or powder. Safe.	ulexite in USA, Tibet, Chile; colemanite in USA, Turkey		1 - 3 mg	10 - 20 g as boric acid	1 × 107 years	borax, colemanite, datolite, kernite, ulexite	2573 K	0.535 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	88 pm	2P1/2 in ground state	a = 506.7, α = 58deg4' pm for α-B	18 mg for a 70 kg average person			270 × 106 tonnes as B2O3	III	accumulating oceanic element			20.799 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		208 pm		4.62 cm3	Non-metal with several forms - the most common form is a dark amorphous powder, unreactive to water, acids and alkalis. Rare and fragile element. Nuclear reactions in stars destroy it. Most boron is created in space, by cosmic rays that smash into heavier atoms and split them.	3931 K	boric acid and borates are poisonous, although once used in medicines	essential to plants; toxic in excess	23 pm for B3+		18000 Ω m at 293 K	10.811 in units of 12C = 12.000	kernite, borax, ulexite, colemanite	26.7 kJ mol-1 from B to B-	7440-42-8 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2340 kg m-3 for β-rhombohedral solid at 293 K	83 pm	5	-7.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid		Paris, France and London, England	6 including nuclear isomers	5 g as boric acid	4.41 p.p.m. in seawater		1166.247 nm for B I	metals to form borides		boron 11	B	borosilicate glass, detergents and fire-retardants	rhombohedral for α-B	1 × 106 tonnes year-1 as B2O3	[He]2s22p1 in ground state	5		0.392 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.33 - 1 p.p.m. in muscle	2.04 Pauling		13
helium	heel-iuhm	Im3m for γ-He at 1.73 K, 2.94 MPa	helium 3, helium 4	0.007 barns		noble gas	3 to 8 except 7	0.082 kJ mol-1	Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland	0.152 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1868	atmosphere of a planet or asteroid	helios = sun from Greek		0.021 kJ mol-1	small pressurized canisters. Safe.		229 kPa	very low	non-toxic	unknown	present in some minerals	0.95 K under pressure	0.326 × 10-12 cm		unknown		1S0 in ground state	a = 411 pm for γ-He at 1.73 K, 2.94 MPa	very small for a 70 kg average person			3.7 × 109 tonnes in Earth's atmosphere	0	unclassified oceanic element		gas at standard temperature and pressure	20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		120 pm		32.07 cm3 at 4 K		4.216 K	harmless but could asphyxiate if it excludes oxygen from the lungs	none				4.005602 in units of 12C = 12.000	natural gas which may contain up to 7% helium	0.0 kJ mol-1 from to -	7440-59-7 for Chemical Abstracts System database	0.1785 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K	128 pm	2	-5.9 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for gas		England	5 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic	4 × 10-6 p.p.m. in seawater		2058.130 nm for He I	nothing		helium 4	He	deep-sea diving, weather baloons, low temperature research	b.c.c. for γ-He at 1.73 K, 2.94 MPa	4500 tonnes year-1	1s2 = [He] in ground state	2		0.207 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	traces		5.25 K	18
hydrogen	hy-dro-jen		hydrogen 1, deuterium	0.3326 barns		atom	1 to 3	0.46 kJ mol-1	H. Cavendish	0.1815 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K for gas	1766	atmosphere of a planet or asteroid	hydro genes = water forming from Greek		0.12 kJ mol-1	small pressurized canisters. Warning !		1297 kPa	mainly as water	non-toxic	unknown	water	14.01 K	-0.37390 × 10-12 cm		unknown	30 pm	2S1/2 in ground state		7 kg for a 70 kg average person			almost limitless	I	unclassified oceanic element		gas at standard temperature and pressure	20.784 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		120 pm	hidrogeno	13.26 cm3		20.28 K	flammable and explosive when mixed with air; can asphyxiate if it excludes oxygen from lungs	constituent element of DNA. Component of water, essential to life.	154 pm for H-	hydrogene		1.00794 in units of 12C = 12.000	natural methane gas	72.8 kJ mol-1 from H to H-	1333-74-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	0.08988 for gas at 273 K	78 pm	1	-2.50 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for gas		London, England	3	non-toxic	main constituent of water; some dissolved H2 in seawater	idrogeno	1875.10 nm for H I	air explosively	13.96 K at 7.2 kPa	hydrogen 1	H	making ammonia, cyclohexane, methanol, etc.		350 × 109 m3 year-1 as H2 gas	1s1 in ground state	1	Wasserstoff	0.380 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	93000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.20 Pauling	33.35 K
lithium	lith-iuhm	Fm3m for β-Li	lithium 6, lithium 7	70.5 barns	4.24 GPa	group I element	5 to 9	134.7 kJ mol-1	J.A. Arfvedson	84.7 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1817	ocean	lithos = stone from Greek	56 × 10-6 K-1	4.60 kJ mol-1	chunks, ingot, powder, ribbon, rod, shot or wire. Care !	USA, brines of Searles Lake, California		0.1 - 2 mg	525 mg kg-1 carbonate ingested by rat	2 × 106 years	amblygonite, lepidolite, petalite, spodumene	453.69 K	-0.190 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	123 pm	2S1/2 in ground state	a = 437.9 pm for β-Li	7 mg for a 70 kg average person	0.36 GPa	silvery except for francium	7.3 × 106 tonnes	I	accumulating oceanic element	4.91 GPa		20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K				13.00 cm3	Soft, silvery-white, metal. Lightest of all solid elements, third in the periodic table after hydrogen and helium. Its atom comprises one proton and three electrons. One of the electrons is at a higher energy level than the other two. Some lithium formed in the big bang, along with huge amounts of hydrogen and helium.	1620 K	moderately toxic by ingestion but there are wide variations of tolerances.	none; but lithium acts to stimulate metabolism and can control manic-depressive disorders	78 pm for Li+		8.55 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	6.941 in units of 12C = 12.000	petalite, lepidolite	59.6 kJ mol-1 from Li to Li-	7439-93-2 for Chemical Abstracts System database	515 kg m-3 for liquid at 453.69 K melting point	152 pm	3	+2.56 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	Stockholm, Sweden	5 including nuclear isomers	20 - 200 g	0.17 p.p.m. in seawater		670.791 nm for Li I (strong, used in atom absorption spectrometry)	oxygen and water slowly		lithium 7	Li	light-weight alloys, especially with aluminium and magnesium, greases, batteries, glass, medicine and nuclear bombs	f.c.c. for β-Li	39000 tonnes year-1	[He]2s1 in ground state	3		0.217 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.023 p.p.m. in muscle	0.98 Pauling		1

Next element: liquid element    Up: element    Previous element: gaseous element