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nonmetallic element comparison table

Subject	has pronunciation	has space group	has stable isotope	has thermal neutron capture cross section	has synonym	has isotope mass range	has heat of vaporization	has discoverer	has thermal conductivity	has discovery date	has occurrence	has name origin	has linear expansion coefficient	has heat of fusion	has specimen	has main mining area	has critical pressure	has daily dietary intake	has lethal intake	has ocean residence time	has mineral	has melting point	has neutron scattering length	has image	has ocean concentration	has covalent radii	has term symbol	has crystal cell dimension	has mass of element in person	has reserve	has ocean oxidation state	is a kind of	has state	has heat capacity	has van der Waals radii	has Spanish translation	has molar volume	has definition	has boiling point	has hazard	has biological role	has ionic radii	has French translation	has electrical resistivity	has relative atomic mass	has chief source	has electron affinity	has registry number	has density	has atomic radii	has atomic number	has mass magnetic susceptibility	has discovery location	has number of isotope	has toxic intake	has abundance	has Italian translation	has heat of sublimation	has atomic emission line	reacts with	has triple point temperature	has longest lived isotope	has symbol	has use	has crystal type	has world production	has electron configuration	has number of proton	has German translation	has mass absorption coefficient	has level in human	has electronegativity	has critical temperature	has group
carbon	kar-bon	R3m for rhombohedral graphite		0.0035 barns	atom	9 to 16	710.9 kJ mol-1		990 - 2320 W m-1 K-1 for diamond at 298 K	pre-historic	in planet metallic core and associated with iron	carbo = charcoal from Latin	1.19 × 10-6 K-1 for diamond	105.1 kJ mol-1	amorphous, fullerenes, bucky tubes, diamond, graphite and soot. Safe.	diamond deposits in South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Canada		300 g		800000 years	diamond, graphite, calcium magnesium carbonates, fossil fuel	800 K for buckminsterfullerene (sublimes)	0.66460 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	60 pm for triple bonds	3P0 in ground state	a = 1414 pm for buckminsterfullerene	16 kg for a 70 kg average person	large for tar sands	IV	recycled oceanic element		20.838 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	185 pm		3.42 cm3 for diamond	pure forms occur as graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene C60	5100 K (sublimes)	carbon black is a nuissance but not dangerous, although soot may harbour carcinogenic materials	DNA constituent, organic molecules required for life	260 pm for C4-		1 × 1014 Ω m for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K	12.011 in units of 12C = 12.000	graphite	121.9 kJ mol-1 from C to C-	7440-44-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1650 kg m-3 for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K	77 pm	6	-6.2 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for diamond		8 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic, but some compounds can be very toxic such as CO or CN-	28 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater			723.642 nm for C II (strong)	almost everything		carbon 12	C	coke in steel, carbon black in printing, as a filler, activated charcoal for water treatement and respirators	f.c.c. for buckminsterfullerene	8.6 ×	[He]2s22p2 in ground state	6		0.625 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	670000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.55 Pauling		14
halogen					group VII element																											column grouped element																																										17
hydrogen	hy-dro-jen		hydrogen 1, deuterium	0.3326 barns	atom	1 to 3	0.46 kJ mol-1	H. Cavendish	0.1815 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K for gas	1766	atmosphere of a planet or asteroid	hydro genes = water forming from Greek		0.12 kJ mol-1	small pressurized canisters. Warning !		1297 kPa	mainly as water	non-toxic	unknown	water	14.01 K	-0.37390 × 10-12 cm		unknown	30 pm	2S1/2 in ground state		7 kg for a 70 kg average person	almost limitless	I	unclassified oceanic element	gas at standard temperature and pressure	20.784 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	120 pm	hidrogeno	13.26 cm3		20.28 K	flammable and explosive when mixed with air; can asphyxiate if it excludes oxygen from lungs	constituent element of DNA. Component of water, essential to life.	154 pm for H-	hydrogene		1.00794 in units of 12C = 12.000	natural methane gas	72.8 kJ mol-1 from H to H-	1333-74-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	0.08988 for gas at 273 K	78 pm	1	-2.50 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for gas	London, England	3	non-toxic	main constituent of water; some dissolved H2 in seawater	idrogeno		1875.10 nm for H I	air explosively	13.96 K at 7.2 kPa	hydrogen 1	H	making ammonia, cyclohexane, methanol, etc.		350 × 109 m3 year-1 as H2 gas	1s1 in ground state	1	Wasserstoff	0.380 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	93000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.20 Pauling	33.35 K
inert gas					noble gas						atmosphere of a planet or asteroid																					atmophile element	gas at standard temperature and pressure																																									18
nitrogen	niy-troh-jen			1.91 barns	pnictogen	12 to 18	5.577 kJ mol-1	D. Rutherford	0.02598 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K for gas	1772	atmosphere of a planet or asteroid	nitron genes = nitre forming (potassium nitrate) from Greek		0.720 kJ mol-1	small pressurized canisters. Safe.		3394 kPa	high		6000 years	nitratine, nitrammite, nitrobarite, nitrocalcite and nitromagnesite	63.29 K	0.936 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	70 pm for single bond	4S3/2 in ground state	a = pm	1.8 kg for a 70 kg average person	× 10 tonnes	V	recycled oceanic element	gas at standard temperature and pressure	20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	154 pm		12.65 cm3	colourless, odourless gas (N2)	77.4 K	harmless gas, but it could asphyxiate if it excluded oxygen from the lungs	constituent element of DNA and amino acids; nitrogen cycle in nature				14.00674 in units of 12C = 12.000	liquified air	-7 kJ mol-1 from N to N-	7727-37-9 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1.2506 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K	71 pm	7	-5.4 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for gas	Edinburgh, Scotland, UK	8 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic as N2 gas but NO2, HCN and NH3 are toxic	p.p.m. in seawater			1246.962 nm for N I	generaly unreactive at normal temperatures		nitrogen 14	N	fertilizers, acids (HNO3), explosives, plastics and dyes		44 × 106 tonnes year-1	[He]2s22p3 in ground state	7		0.916 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	72000 p.p.m. in muscle	3.04 Pauling	126.05 K	15
nonmetal					atom																											nonmetallic element
oxygen	oksi-jen			0.00019 barns	chalcogen	13 to 20	6.82 kJ mol-1	J. Priestley, C.W. Sheele	0.2674 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1774	atmosphere of a planet or asteroid	oxy genes = acid forming from Greek		0.444 kJ mol-1	small pressurized canisters. Safe, but be aware of possible dangers.		5043 kPa	mainly as water	4800 p.p.m. for 4 hours inhaled ozone (O3)	unknown	oxides, silicates, carbonates, phosphates, sulfates also occurs as gas in atmosphere and as water	54.8 K	0.5803 × 10-12 cm		unknown	66 pm for single bond	3P2 in ground state	a = pm	43 kg for a 70 kg average person, mainly as water	1.2 × 1015 tonnes in atmosphere		unclassified oceanic element	gas at standard temperature and pressure	21.912 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	140 pm		8.00 cm3 at 54 K	colourless, odourless gas (O2) which is very reactive	90.188 K	O2 within a few percent of its natural concentration in air is harmless, but too little and it cannot sustain life, too much and it can cause pulmonary changes and teratogenic effects and is a fire hazard.	constituent element of DNA and of most other biologically important compounds	132 pm for O2-			15.9994 in units of 12C = 12.000	liquid air	141 kJ mol-1 from O to O-	7782-44-7 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1.429 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K	pm	8	+1.355 × 10-6 kg-1 m3 for gas	Leeds, England and Uppsala, Sweeden	8 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic as O2, but toxic as ozone (O3)	constituent element of water		kJ mol-1	844.676 nm for O I	all other elements except He, Ne, Ar and Kr		oxygen 16	O	steel-making, metal-cutting, the chemical industry and in medical treatment		1 × 108	[He]2s22p4 in ground state	8		1.31 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	160000 p.p.m. in muscle	3.44 Pauling	154.58 K	16
phosphorus	fos-for-us	Pm3m or P-43 for red phosphorus		0.172 barns	pnictogen	26 to 36	51.9 kJ mol-1 for P4 solid	Hennig Brandt	12.1 W m-1 K-1 for black phosphorus solid at 300 K	1669	in planet metallic core and associated with iron	phosphoros = bringer of light from Greek	124.5 × 10-6 K-1 for P4 solid	2.51 kJ mol-1 for P4 solid	white sticks (Danger!), red lumps or powder (Care!)	Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Togo, Nauru		900 - 1900 mg	100 mg for white phosphorus in humans	100000 years	apatite, phosphophyllite, turquoise, vivianite	683 K for red phosphorus solid under pressure	0.513 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	110 pm for single bond	4S3/2 in ground state	a = 1131 pm for red phosphorus	780 g for a 70 kg average person	5.7 × 109 tonnes	V	recycled oceanic element		20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	190 pm		17.02 cm3	soft and flammable white solid, the red form is usually non-flammable	553 K for P4	white phosphorus chronic poisoning leads to necrosis of the jaw (phossy-jaw)	constituent of DNA, ATP and many other biochemical molecules. Phosphate cycle.	212 pm for P3-		1 × 109 Ω m for P4 solid at 293 K	30.973762 in units of 12C = 12.000	apatite, turquoise (ornamental stone)	44 kJ mol-1 from to -	7723-14-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2690 kg m-3 for black phosphorus solid at 293 K	115 pm for red form	15	-8.4 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for red phosphorus solid	Hamburg, Germany	10 including nuclear isomers	11 μg kg-1 for white phosphorus in rat	0.084 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater			1648.292 nm for P I	alkalis to form phosphine gas		phosphorus 31	P	fertilizers, insecticides, metal treatment, detergents and foods	cubic for red phosphorus	153 × 106 tonnes year-1	[Ne]3s23p3 in ground state	15		7.89 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	3000 - 8500 p.p.m. in muscle	2.19 Pauling	994 K	15
selenium					chalcogen						in sulfide minerals									3000 years					increasing with depth						VI some IV	recycled oceanic element																																										16
sulfur	sul-fer	Fddd for α form		0.53 barns	chalcogen	29 to 39	9.62 kJ mol-1		0.269 W m-1 K-1 for α at 300 K	prehistoric	in sulfide minerals	sulvere = sulfur from Sanskrit (sulphurium from Latin)	74.33 × 10-6 K-1	1.23 kJ mol-1	powder and flakes. Safe.	USA (native sulfur), Spain	20700 kPa	850 - 930 mg	175 mg kg-1 for rabbits	8 × 106 years	occurs naturally as native sulfur deposits associated with oil-bearing strata	386.0 K for α form	0.2847 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	104 pm	3P2 in ground state	a = 1046.46, b = 1286.60, c = 2448.60 pm for α form	140 g for a 70 kg average person	2.5 × 109 tonnes	VI	accumulating oceanic element		23.673 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	185 pm		15.49 cm3	the α-S8 orthorhombic form of sulfur is yellow	717.824 K	elemental form is harmless unless ingested; ignited it emits highly toxic SO2 fumes	essential to all living things; part of the amino acids methionine and cysteine	184 pm for S2-		2 × 1015 Ω m at 293 K	32.066 in units of 12C = 12.000	native sulfur, pyrite, H2S in natural gas	200.4 kJ mol-1 from S to S-	7704-34-9 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1819 kg m-3 for liquid at 393 K	104 pm		-5.83 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for β solid		11 including nuclear isomers	elemental form is not very toxic, but simple derivatives are (SO2, H2S, etc.)	870 p.p.m. in seawater			964.99 nm for S I	oxidising acids		sulfur 32	S	key industrial chemical, starting point for sulfuric acid	orthorhombic for α form	54 × 106	[Ne]3s23p4 in ground state	16		9.55 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	5000 - 11000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.58 Pauling	1314 K	16

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