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lithophile element comparison table

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calcium	kal-sium		0.43 barns	7.9 GPa	atom	36 to 51	149.95 kJ mol-1	Sir Humphry Davy	200 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1808 (isolated)	calx = lime from Latin	22 × 10-6 K-1	9.33 kJ mol-1	granules, pieces or turings. Care !	common everywhere		600 - 1400 mg	6.45 grams kg-1 in carbonate form for rat	1 × 106 years	anhydrite, aragonite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, shortite, vaterite	1112 K	0.476 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	174 pm		1S0 in ground state	a = pm	1.00 kg for a 70 kg average person	0.31 GPa		almost unlimited	II	recycled oceanic element	19.6 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	17.2 GPa		25.86 cm3	silvery-white, relatively soft metal	1757 K	calcium compounds are only toxic via the other elements they contain	essential to all species	106 pm for Ca2+	3.43 × 10-8 Ω m at 293 K	40.078 in units of 12C = 12.000	calcite, dolomite, gypsum (used in cement and plaster) anhydrite (used to make H2SO4)	-186 kJ mol-1 from Ca to Ca-	7440-70-2 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1365 kg m-3 for liquid at 1112 K melting point	197 pm for α-form	20	heat calcium oxide (CaO) with aluminium metal in vacuum	+1.4 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for solid	malleable, extrudable and machinable	London, England	16 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic	440 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	422.673 nm for Ca I (used in atom absorption spectrometry)	oxygen and water but soon forms a thin protective oxide-nitride film preventing further corrosion		Ca	CaO used in metallurgy, water treatment, chemicals industry, cement, etc		112 × 106tonnes year-1 for lime, CaO	[Ar]4s2 in ground state	20	18.3 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	140 - 700 p.p.m. in muscle	1.00 Pauling
chlorine	klor-een	P4/ncm	35.5 barns		group VII element	31 to 41	20.4033 kJ mol-1	C.W. Scheele	0.0089 W m-1 K-1 for gas at 300 K	1774	chloros = pale green from Greek		6.41 kJ mol-1	Cl2 in small pressurized canisters. Danger!	vast deposits in USA, Poland, Russia, Germany, China, India, Australia	7700 kPa	3.00 - 6.50 g	Cl2 inhalation 500 p.p.m. for 5 minutes for humans	4 × 108 years	halite, carnallite, sylvite	172.17 K	0.95770 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	99 pm		2P3/2 in ground state	a = 856, c = 612 pm	95 g for a 70 kg average person			> 1 × 1013 tonnes	-I	accumulating oceanic element			gas at standard temperature and pressure	21.840 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		181 pm	17.46 cm3 for solid at 113 K	yellow-green, dense, sharp-smelling gas (Cl2) which is a key industrial chemical	239.18 K	Cl2 50 p.p.m. is dangerous even in short doses	chloride, Cl-, is essential to many species, including humans	181 pm for Cl-		35.4527 in units of 12C = 12.000	halite (rock salt)	349.0 kJ mol-1 from Cl to Cl-	7782-50-5 for Chemical Abstracts System database	3.214 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K		17	electrolysis of sodium chloride solution	-7.2 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for gas		Uppsala, Sweden	13 including nuclear isomers	Cl2 is very toxic affecting the eyes and lungs at 3 p.p.m. in air; chloride is non-toxic	18000 p.p.m. in seawater	858.597 nm for Cl I		chlorine 35	Cl	PVC	tetragonal	168 × 106	[Ne]3s23p5 in ground state	17	11.4 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	2000 - 5200 p.p.m. chloride in muscle	3.16 Pauling	417 K	17
magnesium	mag-neez-iuhm	P63/mmc	0.063 barns	17.3 GPa	atom	20 to 31	128.7 kJ mol-1	Joseph Black	156 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1755	Magnesia = district of Thessaly from Greek	26.1 × 10-6 K-1	9.04 kJ mol-1	chips, granules, powder, ribbon, rod or turnings. Safe.	Austria, China, Poland, Russia, USA, India, Greece, Canada		250 - 380 mg	8100 mg kg-1 for chloride, oral, rat	1 × 107 years	brucite, carnalite, cordierite, diopside, dolomite, enstatite, epsomite, kiersite, magnesite, pyrope, spinel	922.0 K	0.5375 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	136 pm		1S0 in ground state	a = 320.94; c = 521.03 pm	19 g for a 70 kg average person	0.291 GPa		> 2 × 1010 tonnes as ores; and > 1 × 1024 tonnes in the sea	II	accumulating oceanic element	44.7 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	35.6 GPa		13.98 cm3	silvery white, lustrous and relatively soft metal	1363 K	compounds vary in toxicity but no evidence that metal produces systemic poisoning	essential to all species	79 pm for Mg2+	4.38 × 10-8 Ω m at 293 K	24.3050 in units of 12C = 12.000	seawater; and the ores or dolomite, magnesite; carnallite and brucite	-21 kJ mol-1 from Mg to Mg-	7439-95-4 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1585 kg m-3 for liquid at 922.0 K melting point	160 pm	12	electrolysis of fused MgCl2	+6.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	malleable, extrudable and machinable	Edinburgh, Scotland	12 including nuclear isomers	low toxicity	1200 p.p.m. in seawater	518.361 nm for Mg I	hot water	magnesium 24	Mg	as a 'sacrificial' electrode to protect other metals exposed to seawater and ground	h.c.p.	325000 tonnes year-1	[Ne]3s2 in ground state	12	4.11 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	900 p.p.m. in muscle	1.31 Pauling
potassium	poh-tass-ium	Im3m	2.1 barns	1.30 GPa	group I element	35 to 51	77.53 kJ mol-1	Sir Humphry Davy	102.4 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1807 (isolated)	potash from English	83 × 10-6 K-1	2.40 kJ mol-1	metal chunks (in mineral oil) or ingots. Warning!	Germany, Spain, Canada, USA, Italy		1.4 - 7.4 g	2600 mg kg-1	21000 years	alunite, carnalite, orthoclase (mined for porcelain, ceramics and glass), sylvite	336.80 K	0.367 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent	203 pm	kalium from Greek	2S1/2 in ground state	a = 533.4 pm	140 g for a 70 kg average person	0.35 GPa at 83 K	silvery except for francium	> 1 × 1010 tonnes	I	accumulating oceanic element	3.53 GPa at 83 K			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		231 pm	45.36 cm3	soft white metal which is silvery when first cut but oxidizes rapidly in air	1047 K	excess ingestion of KCl (dietary supplement) can be fatal	essential to all living things	133 pm for K+	6.15 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	39.0983 in units of 12C = 12.000	sylvite, carnalite, alunite	48.4 kJ mol-1 from K to K-	7440-09-7 for Chemical Abstracts System database	828 kg m-3 for liquid at 336.80 K melting point	227 pm	19	combine sodium metal with potassium chloride	+6.7 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	London, England	18 including nuclear isomers	4 g of KCl	5 × 106 p.p.m. in seawater	769.896 nm for K I	water violently	potassium 39	K	compounds are used in fertilizers, chemicals and glass	b.c.c	51 × 106 tonnes year-1 for salts	[Ar]4s1 in ground state	19	15.8 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	16000 p.p.m. in muscle	0.82 Pauling		1
silicon	sil-i-kon		0.171 barns	39.7 GPa	atom	24 to 34	383.3 kJ mol-1	J.J. Berzelius	148 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1824	silicis = flint from Latin	4.2 × 10-6 K-1	39.6 kJ mol-1	available as powder, pieces or lumps. Safe.	talc in Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, mica in Canada, USA, India, Brazil		18 - 1200 mg	non-toxic	30000 years	silicates	1683 K	0.41543 × 10-12 cm		increasing with depth	117 pm		3P0 in ground state	a = pm	1 g for a 70 kg average person	0.42 GPa		unlimited × 10 tonnes	IV	recycled oceanic element	113 GPa	HF acid or hot alkali solutions by dissolving		22.251 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		200 pm	12.06 cm3	ultrapure crystals of silicon have a blue-grey metallic sheen	2628 K	some silicate fibres are carcinogenic such as asbestos	essential to some species and possibly to humans	271 pm for Si4-	0.001 Ω m at 273 K	28.0555 in units of 12C = 12.000	quartz, talc, mica	133.3 kJ mol-1 from Si to Si-	7440-21-3 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2525 kg m-3 for liquid at 1683 K melting point	117 pm	14	reduction of sand (SiO2) with carbon produces black amorphous silicon	-1.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid		Stockholm, Sweden	11 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic	4.09 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	637.136 nm for Si II		silicon 28	Si	semiconductors, alloys and polymers		3.4 × 106 tonnes year-1 for metallurgical grade	[Ne]3s23p2 in ground state	14	6.44 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	100 - 200 p.p.m. in muscle	1.90 Pauling		14
sodium	so-dee-uhm	P63/mmc for α-Na	0.530 barns	2.53 GPa	group I element	19 to 31	89.04 kJ mol-1	Sir Humphry Davy	141 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1807 (isolated)	soda from English	70.6 × 10-6 K-1	2.64 kJ mol-1	ingots or lumps, in sealed ampoules under nitrogen, or spheres and sticks stored under mineral oil. Warning!	halite in Germany, Poland, USA, UK; trona in Kenya, USA		2 - 15 g	3000 mg kg-1 of chloride in rat	1 × 108 years	halite, trona, occurs in many others but these are not mined as a source of sodium	370.96 K	0.358 × 10-12 cm		depth indenpendent		natrium from Latin	2S1/2 in ground state	a = 376.7, c = 615.4 pm for α-Na	100 g for a 70 kg average person	0.34 GPa	silvery except for francium	almost unlimited	I	accumulating oceanic element	6.80 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		231 pm	23.68 cm3	soft, silvery-white metal which oxidizes rapidly when cut	1156.1 K	compounds are not hazardous, but excess sodium chloride can be toxic by ingestion	essential to most species including humans	98 pm for Na+	4.2 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	22.989768 in units of 12C = 12.000	halite, trona	52.9 kJ mol-1 from to -	7440-23-5 for Chemical Abstracts System database	928 kg m-3 for liquid at 370.96 K melting point	154 pm	11	electrolysis of molted sodium chloride	+8.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	Royal Institution, London, England	14 including nuclear isomers	12 g kg-1 of chloride in humans	10500 p.p.m. in seawater	819.482 nm for Na I	water by producing hydrogen gas	sodium 23	Na	nuclear reactor heat exchanger	hexagonal for α-Na	200000 tonnes year-1 as sodium metal	[Ne]3s in ground state	11	3.21 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	2600 - 7800 p.p.m. in muscle	0.93 Pauling		1

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