group IV element Comparison Table

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group IV element comparison table

Subject has pronunciation has space group has thermal neutron capture cross section has rigidity modulu has isotope mass range has heat of vaporization has discoverer has thermal conductivity has discovery date has occurrence has name origin has linear expansion coefficient has heat of fusion has specimen has main mining area has daily dietary intake has lethal intake has ocean residence time has mineral has melting point has neutron scattering length has image has ocean concentration has covalent radii has term symbol has crystal cell dimension has poisson's ratio has mass of element in person has reserve has ocean oxidation state has young's modulu is a kind of react has heat capacity has van der Waals radii has molar volume has definition has boiling point has hazard has biological role has ionic radii has electrical resistivity has relative atomic mass has chief source has electron affinity has registry number has density has atomic radii has atomic number has mass magnetic susceptibility has discovery location has number of isotope has toxic intake has abundance has atomic emission line reacts with has longest lived isotope has symbol has use has crystal type has world production has electron configuration has number of proton has mass absorption coefficient has level in human has electronegativity

carbon kar-bon R3m for rhombohedral graphite 0.0035 barns 9 to 16 710.9 kJ mol^-1 990 - 2320 W m^-1 K^-1 for diamond at 298 K pre-historic in planet metallic core and associated with iron carbo = charcoal from Latin 1.19 × 10^-6 K^-1 for diamond 105.1 kJ mol^-1 amorphous, fullerenes, bucky tubes, diamond, graphite and soot. Safe. diamond deposits in South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Canada 300 g 800000 years diamond, graphite, calcium magnesium carbonates, fossil fuel 800 K for buckminsterfullerene (sublimes) 0.66460 × 10^-12 cm increasing with depth 60 pm for triple bonds ³P₀ in ground state a = 1414 pm for buckminsterfullerene 16 kg for a 70 kg average person large for tar sands IV recycled oceanic element 20.838 J K^-1 mol^-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K 185 pm 3.42 cm³ for diamond pure forms occur as graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene C₆₀ 5100 K (sublimes) carbon black is a nuissance but not dangerous, although soot may harbour carcinogenic materials DNA constituent, organic molecules required for life 260 pm for C^4- 1 × 10¹⁴ Ω m for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K 12.011 in units of ¹²C = 12.000 graphite 121.9 kJ mol^-1 from C to C^- 7440-44-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database 1650 kg m^-3 for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K 77 pm 6 -6.2 × 10^-9 kg^-1 m³ for diamond 8 including nuclear isomers non-toxic, but some compounds can be very toxic such as CO or CN^- 28 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater 723.642 nm for C II (strong) almost everything carbon 12 C coke in steel, carbon black in printing, as a filler, activated charcoal for water treatement and respirators f.c.c. for buckminsterfullerene 8.6 × [He]2s²2p² in ground state 6 0.625 cm² g^-1 for MoK_α X-ray diffraction 670000 p.p.m. in muscle 2.55 Pauling

germanium in planet metallic core and associated with iron 20000 years increasing with depth IV recycled oceanic element

lead ocean 50 years decreasing with depth II scavenged oceanic element

silicon sil-i-kon 0.171 barns 39.7 GPa 24 to 34 383.3 kJ mol^-1 J.J. Berzelius 148 W m^-1 K^-1 at 300 K 1824 in silicate materials such as igneous rocks silicis = flint from Latin 4.2 × 10^-6 K^-1 39.6 kJ mol^-1 available as powder, pieces or lumps. Safe. talc in Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, mica in Canada, USA, India, Brazil 18 - 1200 mg non-toxic 30000 years silicates 1683 K 0.41543 × 10^-12 cm increasing with depth 117 pm ³P₀ in ground state a = pm 0.42 GPa 1 g for a 70 kg average person unlimited × 10 tonnes IV 113 GPa recycled oceanic element HF acid or hot alkali solutions by dissolving 22.251 J K^-1 mol^-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K 200 pm 12.06 cm³ ultrapure crystals of silicon have a blue-grey metallic sheen 2628 K some silicate fibres are carcinogenic such as asbestos essential to some species and possibly to humans 271 pm for Si^4- 0.001 Ω m at 273 K 28.0555 in units of ¹²C = 12.000 quartz, talc, mica 133.3 kJ mol^-1 from Si to Si^- 7440-21-3 for Chemical Abstracts System database 2525 kg m^-3 for liquid at 1683 K melting point 117 pm 14 -1.8 × 10^-9 kg^-1 m³ for solid Stockholm, Sweden 11 including nuclear isomers non-toxic 4.09 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater 637.136 nm for Si II silicon 28 Si semiconductors, alloys and polymers 3.4 × 10⁶ tonnes year^-1 for metallurgical grade [Ne]3s²3p² in ground state 14 6.44 cm² g^-1 for MoK_α X-ray diffraction 100 - 200 p.p.m. in muscle 1.90 Pauling

tin ocean 10³ years or less decreasing with depth IV scavenged oceanic element

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Subject	has pronunciation	has space group	has thermal neutron capture cross section	has rigidity modulu	has isotope mass range	has heat of vaporization	has discoverer	has thermal conductivity	has discovery date	has occurrence	has name origin	has linear expansion coefficient	has heat of fusion	has specimen	has main mining area	has daily dietary intake	has lethal intake	has ocean residence time	has mineral	has melting point	has neutron scattering length	has image	has ocean concentration	has covalent radii	has term symbol	has crystal cell dimension	has poisson's ratio	has mass of element in person	has reserve	has ocean oxidation state	has young's modulu	is a kind of	react	has heat capacity	has van der Waals radii	has molar volume	has definition	has boiling point	has hazard	has biological role	has ionic radii	has electrical resistivity	has relative atomic mass	has chief source	has electron affinity	has registry number	has density	has atomic radii	has atomic number	has mass magnetic susceptibility	has discovery location	has number of isotope	has toxic intake	has abundance	has atomic emission line	reacts with	has longest lived isotope	has symbol	has use	has crystal type	has world production	has electron configuration	has number of proton	has mass absorption coefficient	has level in human	has electronegativity
carbon	kar-bon	R3m for rhombohedral graphite	0.0035 barns		9 to 16	710.9 kJ mol^-1		990 - 2320 W m^-1 K^-1 for diamond at 298 K	pre-historic	in planet metallic core and associated with iron	carbo = charcoal from Latin	1.19 × 10^-6 K^-1 for diamond	105.1 kJ mol^-1	amorphous, fullerenes, bucky tubes, diamond, graphite and soot. Safe.	diamond deposits in South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Canada	300 g		800000 years	diamond, graphite, calcium magnesium carbonates, fossil fuel	800 K for buckminsterfullerene (sublimes)	0.66460 × 10^-12 cm		increasing with depth	60 pm for triple bonds	³P₀ in ground state	a = 1414 pm for buckminsterfullerene		16 kg for a 70 kg average person	large for tar sands	IV		recycled oceanic element		20.838 J K^-1 mol^-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	185 pm	3.42 cm³ for diamond	pure forms occur as graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene C₆₀	5100 K (sublimes)	carbon black is a nuissance but not dangerous, although soot may harbour carcinogenic materials	DNA constituent, organic molecules required for life	260 pm for C^4-	1 × 10¹⁴ Ω m for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K	12.011 in units of ¹²C = 12.000	graphite	121.9 kJ mol^-1 from C to C^-	7440-44-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1650 kg m^-3 for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K	77 pm	6	-6.2 × 10^-9 kg^-1 m³ for diamond		8 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic, but some compounds can be very toxic such as CO or CN^-	28 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	723.642 nm for C II (strong)	almost everything	carbon 12	C	coke in steel, carbon black in printing, as a filler, activated charcoal for water treatement and respirators	f.c.c. for buckminsterfullerene	8.6 ×	[He]2s²2p² in ground state	6	0.625 cm² g^-1 for MoK_α X-ray diffraction	670000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.55 Pauling
germanium										in planet metallic core and associated with iron								20000 years					increasing with depth							IV		recycled oceanic element
lead										ocean								50 years					decreasing with depth							II		scavenged oceanic element
silicon	sil-i-kon		0.171 barns	39.7 GPa	24 to 34	383.3 kJ mol^-1	J.J. Berzelius	148 W m^-1 K^-1 at 300 K	1824	in silicate materials such as igneous rocks	silicis = flint from Latin	4.2 × 10^-6 K^-1	39.6 kJ mol^-1	available as powder, pieces or lumps. Safe.	talc in Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, mica in Canada, USA, India, Brazil	18 - 1200 mg	non-toxic	30000 years	silicates	1683 K	0.41543 × 10^-12 cm		increasing with depth	117 pm	³P₀ in ground state	a = pm	0.42 GPa	1 g for a 70 kg average person	unlimited × 10 tonnes	IV	113 GPa	recycled oceanic element	HF acid or hot alkali solutions by dissolving	22.251 J K^-1 mol^-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	200 pm	12.06 cm³	ultrapure crystals of silicon have a blue-grey metallic sheen	2628 K	some silicate fibres are carcinogenic such as asbestos	essential to some species and possibly to humans	271 pm for Si^4-	0.001 Ω m at 273 K	28.0555 in units of ¹²C = 12.000	quartz, talc, mica	133.3 kJ mol^-1 from Si to Si^-	7440-21-3 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2525 kg m^-3 for liquid at 1683 K melting point	117 pm	14	-1.8 × 10^-9 kg^-1 m³ for solid	Stockholm, Sweden	11 including nuclear isomers	non-toxic	4.09 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	637.136 nm for Si II		silicon 28	Si	semiconductors, alloys and polymers		3.4 × 10⁶ tonnes year^-1 for metallurgical grade	[Ne]3s²3p² in ground state	14	6.44 cm² g^-1 for MoK_α X-ray diffraction	100 - 200 p.p.m. in muscle	1.90 Pauling
tin										ocean								10³ years or less					decreasing with depth							IV		scavenged oceanic element