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accumulating oceanic element comparison table

Subject	has pronunciation	has space group	has stable isotope	has thermal neutron capture cross section	has rigidity modulu	has synonym	has isotope mass range	stable isotope	has heat of vaporization	has discoverer	has thermal conductivity	has discovery date	has occurrence	has name origin	has linear expansion coefficient	has heat of fusion	has specimen	has main mining area	has critical pressure	has daily dietary intake	has lethal intake	has ocean residence time	has mineral	has melting point	has neutron scattering length	has image	has covalent radii	has symbol name origin	has term symbol	has crystal cell dimension	has level in human liver	has mass of element in person	has poisson's ratio	has appearancee	has reserve	has ocean oxidation state	has young's modulu	has symbol origin	has state	has heat capacity	has bulk modulu	has van der Waals radii	has molar volume	has definition	has boiling point	has hazard	has biological role	has ionic radii	has electrical resistivity	has relative atomic mass	has chief source	has electron affinity	has registry number	has density	has atomic radii	has atomic number	has mass magnetic susceptibility	has hardness	has discovery location	has level in human bone	has number of isotope	has toxic intake	has abundance	has atomic emission line	reacts with	has longest lived isotope	has filling orbital	has symbol	has use	has crystal type	has level in human muscle	has world production	has electron configuration	has number of proton	has level in human blood	has mass absorption coefficient	has level in human	has electronegativity	has critical temperature	has group
aluminium	al-oo-min-iuhm	Fm3m			26.2 GPa	atom	22 to 31	aluminium 27	293.72 kJ mol-1	Oersted	237 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1825	ocean	alumen = alum from latin	23.03 K-1	10.67 kJ mol-1	foil, granules, ingots, pellets, powder, rod, shot or wire. Safe. Aluminum powder can react dangerously with other materials.	Surinam, Jamaica, Ghana, Indonesia, Russia		2.45 mg		150 years	bauxite, boehmite, diaspore, gibbsite, andalusite, corundum, sillimanite, topaz	933.52 K	0.3449 × 10-12 cm		125 pm		2P1/2 in ground state	a = 404.959 pm	3 - 23 p.p.m.	60 mg for a 70 kg average person	0.345 GPa		6 × 106 tonnes	III	70.6 GPa			21.38 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	75.2 GPa	205 pm	10.00 cm3	soft and malleable metal	2740 K	accumulates in the body from daily intake, compounds are used as food additives and in indigestion tablets	none	57 pm for Al3+	2.6548 × 108 Ω m at 293 K	26.981539 in units of 12C = 12.000	bauxite	44 kJ mol-1 from Al to Al-	7429-90-5 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2390 kg m-3 for liquid at 933.52 K melting point	143 pm	13	7.7 × 109 kg-1 m3 for solid		Copenhagen, Denmark	4 - 27 p.p.m.	11	5 g	0.13 × 10-4 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	396.152 nm for Al I (strong)	air to produce a thin protective oxide layer	aluminium 27 which is stable		Al	vehicle, aircraft and construction industries	f.c.c.	0.7 - 28 p.p.m.	15 × 106 tonnes per year	[Ne]3s23p1 in ground state	13	0.39 mg dm-3	5.16 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction		1.61 Pauling		13
antimony	anti-moni	P63/mmc for metal form	antimony 123	4.91 barns	20.7 GPa	pnictogen	108 to 136		67.91 kJ mol-1		24.3 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1600 BC probably known to the ancients and certainly to the alchemists	ocean	anti + monos = not alone from greek	8.5 × 10-6 K-1	20.9 kJ mol-1	available as pieces, powder or shot. Care !	China, Italy, Peru, Mexico, Bolivia, France		0.002 to 1.3 mg	140 mg for antimony potassium tartrate (oral) for LD50	3.5 × 105 years	sibiconite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, ullmannite	903.89 K	0.557 × 10-12 cm		141 pm		4S3/2 in ground state	c = 533 pm for metal form		2 mg for a 70 kg average person	0.25 to 0.33 GPa		2.5 × 106 tonnes	III	54.7 GPa	stibium from latin		20.79 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		220 pm	18.20 cm3	metalloid element with three forms. The metallic form is the more stable and is bright, silvery, hard and brittle	1908 K	small doses stimulate metabolism, large doses cause liver damage	none	245 pm for Sb2-	39.0 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	112.760 in units of 12C = 12.000	stibnite, tetrahedrite although mainly a copper ore yields antimony as a by-product	101 kJ mol-1 from Sb to Sb-	7440-36-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database	6483 kg m-3 for liquid at 903.89 K melting point	182 pm	51	-1.0 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for solid				40	100 mg	3 × 10-4 p.p.m. in seawater	259.805 nm for Sb I	stable in dry air, not attacked by dilute acids or alkalis			Sb	hardenning other metals, stotage batteries, bearings	h.c.p. for metal form		53000 tonnes per year	[Kr]4d105s25p3 in ground state	51		33.1 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	0.042 to 0.191 p.p.m. in muscle	2.05 Pauling		15
boron	bohr-on	R3m for α-B		767 barns		atom	8 to 13		538.9 kJ mol-1	L.J. Lussac and L.J. Thenard	27.0 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1808	ocean	buraq from Arabic	5 × 10-6 K-1	22.2 kJ mol-1	crystals, pieces or powder. Safe.	ulexite in USA, Tibet, Chile; colemanite in USA, Turkey		1 - 3 mg	10 - 20 g as boric acid	1 × 107 years	borax, colemanite, datolite, kernite, ulexite	2573 K	0.535 × 10-12 cm		88 pm		2P1/2 in ground state	a = 506.7, α = 58deg4' pm for α-B		18 mg for a 70 kg average person			270 × 106 tonnes as B2O3	III				20.799 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		208 pm	4.62 cm3	Non-metal with several forms - the most common form is a dark amorphous powder, unreactive to water, acids and alkalis. Rare and fragile element. Nuclear reactions in stars destroy it. Most boron is created in space, by cosmic rays that smash into heavier atoms and split them.	3931 K	boric acid and borates are poisonous, although once used in medicines	essential to plants; toxic in excess	23 pm for B3+	18000 Ω m at 293 K	10.811 in units of 12C = 12.000	kernite, borax, ulexite, colemanite	26.7 kJ mol-1 from B to B-	7440-42-8 for Chemical Abstracts System database	2340 kg m-3 for β-rhombohedral solid at 293 K	83 pm	5	-7.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid		Paris, France and London, England		6 including nuclear isomers	5 g as boric acid	4.41 p.p.m. in seawater	1166.247 nm for B I	metals to form borides	boron 11		B	borosilicate glass, detergents and fire-retardants	rhombohedral for α-B		1 × 106 tonnes year-1 as B2O3	[He]2s22p1 in ground state	5		0.392 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.33 - 1 p.p.m. in muscle	2.04 Pauling		13
bromine						group VII element							atmosphere of a planet or asteroid									1 × 108 years														-I			liquid at standard temperature and pressure																																									17
cesium						group I element							ocean									600000 years												silvery except for francium		I																						soft							water vigorously															1
chlorine	klor-een	P4/ncm		35.5 barns		group VII element	31 to 41		20.4033 kJ mol-1	C.W. Scheele	0.0089 W m-1 K-1 for gas at 300 K	1774	in silicate materials such as igneous rocks	chloros = pale green from Greek		6.41 kJ mol-1	Cl2 in small pressurized canisters. Danger!	vast deposits in USA, Poland, Russia, Germany, China, India, Australia	7700 kPa	3.00 - 6.50 g	Cl2 inhalation 500 p.p.m. for 5 minutes for humans	4 × 108 years	halite, carnallite, sylvite	172.17 K	0.95770 × 10-12 cm		99 pm		2P3/2 in ground state	a = 856, c = 612 pm		95 g for a 70 kg average person			> 1 × 1013 tonnes	-I			gas at standard temperature and pressure	21.840 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		181 pm	17.46 cm3 for solid at 113 K	yellow-green, dense, sharp-smelling gas (Cl2) which is a key industrial chemical	239.18 K	Cl2 50 p.p.m. is dangerous even in short doses	chloride, Cl-, is essential to many species, including humans	181 pm for Cl-		35.4527 in units of 12C = 12.000	halite (rock salt)	349.0 kJ mol-1 from Cl to Cl-	7782-50-5 for Chemical Abstracts System database	3.214 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K		17	-7.2 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for gas		Uppsala, Sweden		13 including nuclear isomers	Cl2 is very toxic affecting the eyes and lungs at 3 p.p.m. in air; chloride is non-toxic	18000 p.p.m. in seawater	858.597 nm for Cl I		chlorine 35		Cl	PVC	tetragonal		168 × 106	[Ne]3s23p5 in ground state	17		11.4 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	2000 - 5200 p.p.m. chloride in muscle	3.16 Pauling	417 K	17
fluorine	floor-een	Pm3n for β-F2		0.0096 barns		group VII element	17 to 23		6.548 kJ mol-1	H. Moissan	0.0279 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1886 (isolated)	ocean	fluere = to flow from Latin		5.10 kJ mol-1	not available for sale as pure gas because it is too reactive and dangerous	Canada, USA, UK, Russia, Mexico, Italy	5573 kPa	0.3 - 0.5 mg	5 - 25 g NaF	400000 years	apatite, cryolite, fluorite	53.53 K	0.5654 × 10-12 cm		58 pm		2P3/2 in ground state	a = 667 pm for β-F2		2.6 g for a 70 kg average person			123 × 106 tonnes	-I			gas at standard temperature and pressure	22.744 J K-1 mol-1 for atomic gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		135 pm	18.05 cm3	pale yellow gas (F2) which is the most reactive of all the elements, and is the strongest oxidizing agent	85.01 K	organic fluorides are often quite harmless	essential in trace quantities for mammals, including humans, in the form of fluoride (F-)	133 pm for F-		18.9984032 in units of 12C = 12.000	fluorite	328 kJ mol-1 from F to F-	7782-41-4 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1.696 kg m-3 for gas at 273 K	70.9 pm	9			Paris, France		7 including nuclear isomers	250 mg NaF	0.4 × 10-4 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater	712.789 nm for F I	almost everything violently	fluorine 19		F	AlF3 in aluminium production	cubic for β-F2		4.7 × 106 tonnes year-1 for fluorite (CaF2)	[He]2s22p5 in ground state	9		1.80 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.05 p.p.m. in muscle	3.98 Pauling	144.3 K	17
lithium	lith-iuhm	Fm3m for β-Li	lithium 6, lithium 7	70.5 barns	4.24 GPa	group I element	5 to 9		134.7 kJ mol-1	J.A. Arfvedson	84.7 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1817	ocean	lithos = stone from Greek	56 × 10-6 K-1	4.60 kJ mol-1	chunks, ingot, powder, ribbon, rod, shot or wire. Care !	USA, brines of Searles Lake, California		0.1 - 2 mg	525 mg kg-1 carbonate ingested by rat	2 × 106 years	amblygonite, lepidolite, petalite, spodumene	453.69 K	-0.190 × 10-12 cm		123 pm		2S1/2 in ground state	a = 437.9 pm for β-Li		7 mg for a 70 kg average person	0.36 GPa	silvery except for francium	7.3 × 106 tonnes	I	4.91 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K			13.00 cm3	Soft, silvery-white, metal. Lightest of all solid elements, third in the periodic table after hydrogen and helium. Its atom comprises one proton and three electrons. One of the electrons is at a higher energy level than the other two. Some lithium formed in the big bang, along with huge amounts of hydrogen and helium.	1620 K	moderately toxic by ingestion but there are wide variations of tolerances.	none; but lithium acts to stimulate metabolism and can control manic-depressive disorders	78 pm for Li+	8.55 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	6.941 in units of 12C = 12.000	petalite, lepidolite	59.6 kJ mol-1 from Li to Li-	7439-93-2 for Chemical Abstracts System database	515 kg m-3 for liquid at 453.69 K melting point	152 pm	3	+2.56 × 10-8 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	Stockholm, Sweden		5 including nuclear isomers	20 - 200 g	0.17 p.p.m. in seawater	670.791 nm for Li I (strong, used in atom absorption spectrometry)	oxygen and water slowly	lithium 7		Li	light-weight alloys, especially with aluminium and magnesium, greases, batteries, glass, medicine and nuclear bombs	f.c.c. for β-Li		39000 tonnes year-1	[He]2s1 in ground state	3		0.217 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	0.023 p.p.m. in muscle	0.98 Pauling		1
magnesium	mag-neez-iuhm	P63/mmc		0.063 barns	17.3 GPa	atom	20 to 31		128.7 kJ mol-1	Joseph Black	156 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1755	in silicate materials such as igneous rocks	Magnesia = district of Thessaly from Greek	26.1 × 10-6 K-1	9.04 kJ mol-1	chips, granules, powder, ribbon, rod or turnings. Safe.	Austria, China, Poland, Russia, USA, India, Greece, Canada		250 - 380 mg	8100 mg kg-1 for chloride, oral, rat	1 × 107 years	brucite, carnalite, cordierite, diopside, dolomite, enstatite, epsomite, kiersite, magnesite, pyrope, spinel	922.0 K	0.5375 × 10-12 cm		136 pm		1S0 in ground state	a = 320.94; c = 521.03 pm		19 g for a 70 kg average person	0.291 GPa		> 2 × 1010 tonnes as ores; and > 1 × 1024 tonnes in the sea	II	44.7 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K	35.6 GPa		13.98 cm3	silvery white, lustrous and relatively soft metal	1363 K	compounds vary in toxicity but no evidence that metal produces systemic poisoning	essential to all species	79 pm for Mg2+	4.38 × 10-8 Ω m at 293 K	24.3050 in units of 12C = 12.000	seawater; and the ores or dolomite, magnesite; carnallite and brucite	-21 kJ mol-1 from Mg to Mg-	7439-95-4 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1585 kg m-3 for liquid at 922.0 K melting point	160 pm	12	+6.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	malleable, extrudable and machinable	Edinburgh, Scotland		12 including nuclear isomers	low toxicity	1200 p.p.m. in seawater	518.361 nm for Mg I	hot water	magnesium 24		Mg	as a 'sacrificial' electrode to protect other metals exposed to seawater and ground	h.c.p.		325000 tonnes year-1	[Ne]3s2 in ground state	12		4.11 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	900 p.p.m. in muscle	1.31 Pauling
molybdenum						atom							ocean									600000 years														VI																																												a column number in the table of the elements
potassium	poh-tass-ium	Im3m		2.1 barns	1.30 GPa	group I element	35 to 51		77.53 kJ mol-1	Sir Humphry Davy	102.4 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1807 (isolated)	in silicate materials such as igneous rocks	potash from English	83 × 10-6 K-1	2.40 kJ mol-1	metal chunks (in mineral oil) or ingots. Warning!	Germany, Spain, Canada, USA, Italy		1.4 - 7.4 g	2600 mg kg-1	21000 years	alunite, carnalite, orthoclase (mined for porcelain, ceramics and glass), sylvite	336.80 K	0.367 × 10-12 cm		203 pm	kalium from Greek	2S1/2 in ground state	a = 533.4 pm		140 g for a 70 kg average person	0.35 GPa at 83 K	silvery except for francium	> 1 × 1010 tonnes	I	3.53 GPa at 83 K			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		231 pm	45.36 cm3	soft white metal which is silvery when first cut but oxidizes rapidly in air	1047 K	excess ingestion of KCl (dietary supplement) can be fatal	essential to all living things	133 pm for K+	6.15 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	39.0983 in units of 12C = 12.000	sylvite, carnalite, alunite	48.4 kJ mol-1 from K to K-	7440-09-7 for Chemical Abstracts System database	828 kg m-3 for liquid at 336.80 K melting point	227 pm	19	+6.7 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	London, England		18 including nuclear isomers	4 g of KCl	5 × 106 p.p.m. in seawater	769.896 nm for K I	water violently	potassium 39		K	compounds are used in fertilizers, chemicals and glass	b.c.c		51 × 106 tonnes year-1 for salts	[Ar]4s1 in ground state	19		15.8 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	16000 p.p.m. in muscle	0.82 Pauling		1
rubidium						group I element							ocean									800000 years												silvery except for francium		I																						soft							water vigorously															1
sodium	so-dee-uhm	P63/mmc for α-Na		0.530 barns	2.53 GPa	group I element	19 to 31		89.04 kJ mol-1	Sir Humphry Davy	141 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K	1807 (isolated)	in silicate materials such as igneous rocks	soda from English	70.6 × 10-6 K-1	2.64 kJ mol-1	ingots or lumps, in sealed ampoules under nitrogen, or spheres and sticks stored under mineral oil. Warning!	halite in Germany, Poland, USA, UK; trona in Kenya, USA		2 - 15 g	3000 mg kg-1 of chloride in rat	1 × 108 years	halite, trona, occurs in many others but these are not mined as a source of sodium	370.96 K	0.358 × 10-12 cm			natrium from Latin	2S1/2 in ground state	a = 376.7, c = 615.4 pm for α-Na		100 g for a 70 kg average person	0.34 GPa	silvery except for francium	almost unlimited	I	6.80 GPa			20.786 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		231 pm	23.68 cm3	soft, silvery-white metal which oxidizes rapidly when cut	1156.1 K	compounds are not hazardous, but excess sodium chloride can be toxic by ingestion	essential to most species including humans	98 pm for Na+	4.2 × 10-8 Ω m at 273 K	22.989768 in units of 12C = 12.000	halite, trona	52.9 kJ mol-1 from to -	7440-23-5 for Chemical Abstracts System database	928 kg m-3 for liquid at 370.96 K melting point	154 pm	11	+8.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid	soft	Royal Institution, London, England		14 including nuclear isomers	12 g kg-1 of chloride in humans	10500 p.p.m. in seawater	819.482 nm for Na I	water by producing hydrogen gas	sodium 23		Na	nuclear reactor heat exchanger	hexagonal for α-Na		200000 tonnes year-1 as sodium metal	[Ne]3s in ground state	11		3.21 cm2 g-1 for MoKalpha X-ray diffraction	2600 - 7800 p.p.m. in muscle	0.93 Pauling		1
sulfur	sul-fer	Fddd for α form		0.53 barns		chalcogen	29 to 39		9.62 kJ mol-1		0.269 W m-1 K-1 for α at 300 K	prehistoric	in sulfide minerals	sulvere = sulfur from Sanskrit (sulphurium from Latin)	74.33 × 10-6 K-1	1.23 kJ mol-1	powder and flakes. Safe.	USA (native sulfur), Spain	20700 kPa	850 - 930 mg	175 mg kg-1 for rabbits	8 × 106 years	occurs naturally as native sulfur deposits associated with oil-bearing strata	386.0 K for α form	0.2847 × 10-12 cm		104 pm		3P2 in ground state	a = 1046.46, b = 1286.60, c = 2448.60 pm for α form		140 g for a 70 kg average person			2.5 × 109 tonnes	VI				23.673 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K		185 pm	15.49 cm3	the α-S8 orthorhombic form of sulfur is yellow	717.824 K	elemental form is harmless unless ingested; ignited it emits highly toxic SO2 fumes	essential to all living things; part of the amino acids methionine and cysteine	184 pm for S2-	2 × 1015 Ω m at 293 K	32.066 in units of 12C = 12.000	native sulfur, pyrite, H2S in natural gas	200.4 kJ mol-1 from S to S-	7704-34-9 for Chemical Abstracts System database	1819 kg m-3 for liquid at 393 K	104 pm		-5.83 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for β solid				11 including nuclear isomers	elemental form is not very toxic, but simple derivatives are (SO2, H2S, etc.)	870 p.p.m. in seawater	964.99 nm for S I	oxidising acids	sulfur 32		S	key industrial chemical, starting point for sulfuric acid	orthorhombic for α form		54 × 106	[Ne]3s23p4 in ground state	16		9.55 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction	5000 - 11000 p.p.m. in muscle	2.58 Pauling	1314 K	16
thallium						atom							ocean									10000 years														I																																												13
uranium						atom							ocean									300000 years														VI																				89 to 103											5f													a column number in the table of the elements

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