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boson
subject			fact

boson	has quantum behavior Bose-Einstein statistics
	has spin integral
	has definition A particle which does not obey Pauli's exclusion principle. It is denoted by an integer (or zero) spin.
	has definition Any particle with integer spin: 0, h bar, 2h bar etc.
	has definition A class of elementary particles whose spin is an integer multiple of a fundamental quantized value. The major function of bosons is to mediate the fundamental forces. The best-known boson is the photon.
	has definition A subatomic particle whose spin is an integral multiple of h bar (cf. fermion). Bosons include the photons, the pions, the gravitons, and all Bose-Einstein nuclei. Boson number is not conserved.
	has definition Elementary particles with integer spin that do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle. They include the photons and the W and Z particles, carriers of the electromagnetic and the electroweak forces respectively.
	has definition Elementary particles that have integral spins. Force particles such as the photon, gluon, and vector bosons are all bosons. But note that there can also exist composite particles formed out of collections of fermions such as a helium atom-which act collectively as bosons.
	has definition A particle, or pattern of string vibration, with a whole number amount of spin; typically a messenger particle.
	is a kind of particle
particle	obeys uncertainty principle
	has frequency inversely proportional to the wavelength
	has wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum
	has charge
	has mass
physical object	has location or center of gravity
	has angular momentum
	has velocity
	has momentum
	has temperature
	has volume
	has extent
	has material

Kinds of boson :

• axion (5 facts) - A hypothetical spin-0 particle with a very small mass of 10^-5-10^-3 eV. It was postulated in order to provide a natural solution to the "strong CP problem".
• Bose-Einstein nucleus (2 kinds, 11 facts) - Nucleus of even A-number (i.e., those with integral spin) (cf. Fermi-Dirac nuclei). Bose-Einstein nuclei do not obey the exclusion principle, and their ground state has zero angular momentum.
• carrier boson (49 kinds, 180 facts) (force carrier) - A particle that carries one of the fundamental forces between other interacting particles. For example, the carrier boson for the electromagnetic force is the photon., Particle that acts as the transmitters of forces. The best known example is the photon, which transmits electromagnetic forces. The gluons are the transmitters of the strong interactions, and the W⁺, W^-, and Z⁰ particles are the transmitters of the weak interactions. See Table 7.1 on page 120.
• Goldstone boson (4 facts) - A massless spin-0 particle which arises whenever a (continuous) global symmetry is spontaneously broken.
• Higgs boson (4 facts) - The particle or particles associated with the bundles of energy in the Higgs field. Such particles are analogous to the photons that are associated with the electromagnetic field. The standard model of particle physics predicts one electrically neutral Higgs particle which has not yet been found, but which will be sought in upcoming particle accelerator experiments. The grand unified theories predict many Higgs particles, but they are too massive to be accessible at existing or foreseeable accelerators., A hypothetical, spinless particle that plays an important role in the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory (and in other theories involving spontaneous symmetry breaking, e.g. GUTs).
• meson (5 kinds, 27 facts) - A strongly interacting particle consisting of a quark and an antiquark. Its mass is intermediate between that of a proton and an electron, which is believed to be responsible for the strong nuclear force. In contrast to the case of baryons or leptons, meson number is not conserved: like photons, mesons can be created or destroyed in arbitrary numbers.
• positronium (4 facts) - A positron and electron bound together electrostaticaly.

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