| planetary nebula | expanding emission nebula | | | | | An expanding envelope of rarefied ionized gas surrounding a hot white dwarf. The envelope receives ultraviolet radiation from the central star and reemits it as visible light by the process of fluorescence. The planetary nebula stage lasts for less than 50,000 years. During the core contraction that terminates the red-giant stage, the helium-burning shell is ejected at a velocity so high that it becomes separated from the core. Under current theories, a star with a carbon core and a mass greater than 0.6 Msun (but less than 4 Msun) will become a planetary nebula and leave behind a white dwarf. Planetary nebulae are now known to occur in stars less than 4 Msun whose envelope becomes unstable during the hydrogen shell burning stage. | |
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