Object Oriented Software Engineering   Glossary   Help

!	indicates logical NOT
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java logical operator
!=	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java identity comparison operator
%	indicates modulus
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java arithmetic operator
&&	indicates logical AND
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java logical operator
	is an instance of short circuit operator
*	indicates multiplication
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java arithmetic operator
*=	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a*=b; a=a*b;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
*^2	indicates the multiplicity many
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	is an instance of multiplicity symbol
+	indicates addition
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java arithmetic operator
++	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a++; b=a++; ++a; b=++a; a=a+1; b=a; a=a+1; a=a+1; a=a+1; b=a;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
	can be used in prefix or postfix form
+=	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a+=b; a=a+b;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
-	indicates subtraction
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java arithmetic operator
--	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a--; b=a--; --a; b=--a; a=a-1; b=a; a=a-1; a=a-1; a=a-1; b=a;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
	can be used in prefix or postfix form
-=	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a-=b; a=a-b;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
.	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java symbol
	is used to access an instance variable of an object in Java, for example: b.variableName
/	indicates division
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java arithmetic operator
/=	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a/=b; a=/b;
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java special operator
1.1 - The Nature of Software	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.2 - What is Software Engineering?	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.4 - Stakeholders in Software Engineering	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.5 - Software Quality	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.6 - Software Engineering Projects	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.7 - Activities Common to Software Projects	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.8 - The Eight Themes Emphasized in this Book	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
1.9 - Difficulties And Risks In Software Engineering as a Whole	is a subtopic of Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering
10.1 - Basic Definitions	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.10 - Inspections	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.11 - Quality Assurance in General	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.13 - Difficulties and Risks in Quality Assurance	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.2 - Effective and Efficient Testing	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.3 - Defects in Ordinary Algorithms	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.4 - Defects in Numerical Algorithms	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.5 - Defects in Timing and Co-Ordination: Deadlock, Livelocks and Critical Races	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.6 - Defects in Handling Stress and Unusual Situations	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.7 - Documentation Defects	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.8 - Writing Formal Test Cases and Test Plans	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems	is a subtopic of Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality
11.1 - What is Project Management?	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.2 - Software Process Models	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.3 - Cost Estimation	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.4 - Building Software Engineering Teams	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.5 - Project Scheduling and Tracking	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.6 - Contents of a Project Plan	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
11.8 - Managing the Software Process - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process
2.1 - What is Object Orientation?	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.10 - Difficulties and Risks in Programming Language Choice and Object-Oriented Programming	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.11 - Review of Object Orientation and Java - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.2 - Classes and Objects	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.3 - Instance Variables	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.4 - Methods, Operations and Polymorphism	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.5 - Organizing Classes Into Inheritance Hierarchies	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.6 - The Effect of Inheritance Hierarchies on Polymorphism and Variable Declarations	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
2.7 - Concepts that Define Object Orientation	is a subtopic of Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation
3.1 - Reuse: Building on the Work and Experience of Others	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.2 - Incorporating Reusability and Reuse Into Software Engineering	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.3 - Frameworks: Reusable Subsystems	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.5 - Technology Needed to Build Client-Server Systems	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
3.7 - Basic Description of OCSF- Client Side	is a subtopic of Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology
4.1 - Domain Analysis	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.12 - Difficulties and Risks In Domain and Requirements Analysis	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.13 - Developing Requirements - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.2 - The Starting Point for Software Projects	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.3 - Defining The Problem and the Scope	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.4 - What Is a Requirement?	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.5 - Types of Requirements	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.6 - Some Techniques for Gathering and Analyzing Requirements	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.7 - Types of Requirements Document	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.8 - Reviewing Requirements	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements	is a subtopic of Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements
5.1 - What is UML?	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.10 - Difficulties and Risks When Creating Class Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.11 - Modelling With Classes - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.2 - Essentials of UML Class Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.4 - Generalization	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.5 - Instance Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.7 - Detailed Example: A Class Diagram for Genealogy	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
5.9 - Implementing Class Diagrams in Java	is a subtopic of Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes
6.1 - Introduction to Patterns	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.10 - The Immutable Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.11 - The Read-Only Interface Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.12 - The Proxy Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.2 - The Abstraction-Occurrence Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.3 - The General Hierarchy Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.4 - The Player-Role Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.5 - The Singleton Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.6 - The Observer Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.7 - The Delegation Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.8 - The Adapter Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
6.9 - The Facade Pattern	is a subtopic of Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns
7.1 - User Centred Design	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.3 - Developing Use Case Models of Systems	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.5 - Usability Principles	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.6 - Evaluating User Interfaces	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.7 - Implementing a Simple GUI in Java	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
7.9 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks
8.1 - Interaction Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 8 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour
8.2 - State Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 8 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour
8.3 - Activity Diagrams	is a subtopic of Chapter 8 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour
8.5 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 8 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour
80-20 rule	has definition A rule that states that 80% of the benefit can often be obtained with 20% of the work; the remaining 20% of the benefit then takes 80% of the work
	has purpose to justify cutting less important requirements to significantly reduce costs
	is a subtopic of 4.8 - Reviewing Requirements
	is a synonym of Pareto principle
	is an instance of rule
	states that 80% of the benefit can often be obtained with 20% of the work; the remaining 20% of the benefit then takes 80% of the work
9.1 - The Process of Design	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.3 - Techniques for Making Good Design Decisions	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.4 - Software Architecture	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.5 - Architectural Patterns	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.6 - Writing a Good Design Document	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References	is a subtopic of Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software
<	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java relational comparison operator
<=	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java relational comparison operator
=	indicates assignment
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java operator
==	has purpose to compare any two variables to test if they are identical, which means they either refer to the same objects or have the same primitive values
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java identity comparison operator
	returns a boolean
>	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java relational comparison operator
>=	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java relational comparison operator
?:	has form result = (condition) ? doSomething() : doSomethingElse(); If condition is true, then result is set to the expression following the question mark, otherwise result is set to the expression following the colon
	has purpose to execute one of two alternative expressions, depending on the value of a condition
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java operator
	can shorten code but can also make code harder to understand
A Pattern Language	has author C. Alexander
	has ISBN number 0-19-501919-9
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	is an instance of book about design patterns
	was published by Oxford University Press
	was published in 1977
abbreviation	is a kind of kbTop
abstract	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
	is used to declare abstract class
	is used to declare abstract method
abstract class	has definition A class that cannot have any instances
	has part abstract method
	has purpose to hold features that will be inherited by two or more subclasses
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	can have concrete methods or instance variables
	cannot have instances
abstract method	has purpose to serve as a placeholder, indicating that subclasses must have concrete implementations
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
abstract operation	has definition An operation in a class that makes logical sense for all subclasses, but that is not implemented in the class
	is a kind of operation
	is a subtopic of 2.6 - The Effect of Inheritance Hierarchies on Polymorphism and Variable Declarations
abstract sound	has advantages attracts attention rapidly even if the person is not looking at the screen
	has example beep
	has problems can be distracting and annoying can be hard to interpret not usable by deaf people
	is a kind of coding technique
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
abstraction	has definition A representation that captures only essential aspects of something, reducing the complexity apparent to the abstraction's user
	hides details which can be shown at a later stage of design by the compiler or run-time system by the use of default values
	is a kind of representation
	is a subtopic of 2.1 - What is Object Orientation?
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
abstraction-occurrence	has antipatterns using a single class creating a separate abstraction subclass for each occurrence making the abstraction class a superclass of the occurrence class
	has context class diagrams that form part of a system domain model
	has definition A pattern in which two classes are related by an association, and one of the classes represents an abstraction of the other
	has forces You want to represent the members of each set of occurrences without duplicating the common information You want a solution that maximizes the flexibility of the system
	has problem What is the best way to represent sets of occurrences in a class diagram?
	has references a generalization of the Title-Item pattern of Eriksson and Penker
	has related patterns Abstraction-Occurrence Square pattern if the abstraction is an aggregate (and the occurrences are also aggregates)
	has solution Create an «Abstraction» class that contains the data that is common to all the members of a set of occurrences. Then create an «Occurrence» class representing the occurrences of this abstraction. Connect these classes with a one-to-many association
	is a subtopic of 6.2 - The Abstraction-Occurrence Pattern
	is an instance of design pattern
abstraction^2	has definition The quality of software in which only the essential aspects of something are captured, reducing the complexity apparent to the user
	is a kind of software quality
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is increased by fewer public methods in each class all variables being private the use of superclasses methods or operations having fewer parameters
acceptability	has definition The extent to which customers and users like a system
	is subjective
	is a kind of measurement
	is a kind of software quality
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
	is affected by many factors, including other aspects of usability, graphic design and various aesthetic issues
	measures how much users like the system
acceptance testing	has definition Testing performed by customers, on their own initiative, to decide whether software is sufficiently acceptable to pay for
	has purpose to decide whether software is of sufficient quality either to purchase or to pay a custom developer to choose between several competing generic products
	is a kind of testing performed by users and clients
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
	is performed by customers on their own initiative
ACM	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is an abbreviation for The Association for Computing Machinery
	is an instance of abbreviation
ACM/IEEE software engineering code of ethics	has URL www.acm.org/serving/se/code.htm
	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is an instance of software engineering web site
action
	is a kind of subject
action symbol	is a kind of symbol in state diagram
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
	is drawn as a slash and the name of the action
	is drawn as Enter/action or Exit/action in a box inside a state if the action is to be performed when entering or exiting the state
	is drawn as event/action If the action is to be performed during a transition
action^2	has definition Something that takes place effectively instantaneously when a transition occurs in a state diagram, or upon entry or exit from a state
	has example as sending a message, starting a hardware device or setting a variable
	is a kind of action
	is a kind of computation
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
	is caused by one of the following situations: When the system takes a particular transition Upon entry into a particular state, no matter which transition causes entry into that state Upon exit from a particular state, no matter which transition is being taken
	occurs instantaneously
	must be simple because it should take place with no noticeable consumption of time
activation box	has definition A box on a lifeline in a sequence diagram indicating the period of time during which an object is actively performing work
	is a kind of symbol in sequence diagram
	is a subtopic of 8.1 - Interaction Diagrams
	is drawn as a rectangle
	represents an object performing computations
activity	has definition Something that occurs over a period of time and takes place while the system is in a state
	is a kind of computation
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
activity diagram	has advantage it can represent concurrent activities
	has definition A UML diagram showing sequences of activities, typically for multiple threads
	has part fork
	has part join
	has part rendezvous
	is a kind of UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.1 - What is UML?
	is usually associated with several classes
	shows how systems behave internally
	shows the partition of activities among the existing classes using swimlanes
	can represent the flow of work that an object or component performs the interaction between different use cases
activity	must be completed before the system leaves the current state as the result of some transition
activity symbol	is a kind of symbol in state diagram
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
	is drawn as a box within the state, containing the word 'do:' followed by a description of what is to be done
actor	has definition A role that a user or some other system plays when interacting with your system; a class of user of a system
	has goals for using the system, and a given user may have different roles from time to time
	is a kind of user
	is a subtopic of 7.3 - Developing Use Case Models of Systems
actor symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a kind of symbol in use case diagram
	is a subtopic of 7.3 - Developing Use Case Models of Systems
	is drawn as a stick man
adapter	has context You are building an inheritance hierarchy and you want to incorporate into it a class written by somebody else - i.e. you want to reuse an existing class. Typically the methods of the reused class do not have the same name or argument types as the methods in the hierarchy you are creating. The reused class is also often already part of its own inheritance hierarchy.
	has definition A pattern found in class diagrams in which you are able to reuse an 'adaptee' class by providing a class, (the adapter) that delegates to the adaptee
	has forces You do not have access to multiple inheritance or you do not want to use it.
	has problem How do you obtain the power of polymorphism when reusing a class whose methods have the same function but do not have the same signature as the other methods in the hierarchy?
	has references one of the Gang of Four patterns.
	has related patterns facade, read-only interface, proxy
	has solution Rather than directly incorporating the reused class into your inheritance hierarchy, instead incorporate an «Adapter» class. The «Adapter»is connected by an association to the reused class, which we will call the «Adaptee». The polymorphic methods of the «Adapter» delegate to methods of the «Adaptee». The delegate method in the «Adaptee» may or may not have the same name as the delegating polymorphic method.
	is a subtopic of 6.8 - The Adapter Pattern
	is an instance of design pattern
adaptive maintenance	has definition A type of maintenance performed to change software so that it will work in an altered environment, such as when an operating system, hardware platform, compiler, software library or database structure changes
	is a kind of maintenance
	is a subtopic of 1.6 - Software Engineering Projects
	does not result in new capabilities for the user except the ability to operate the software in the changed environment
adaptive project	involves changing the system in response to changes in the environment in which the software runs
	is a kind of evolutionary project
	is a subtopic of 1.6 - Software Engineering Projects
adding and deleting links of associations	is complex since there is the need to collaborate with other classes to ensure the bi-directional nature of most associations is maintained properly
	is a kind of responsibility
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is often omitted from a model because the presence of such responsibilities can largely be inferred from the class diagram
address format	has localization issues You should almost never require a specific format for these items since they differ so widely and can change at any time Allow free-form input of whatever the user wants to type
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
affordance	has definition The set of operations that the user can do in a user interface at any given point in time
	has example the set of typing into an input field, clicking on a button or selecting an item from a menu
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
aggregate	has definition The class on the 'whole' side of an aggregation
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams
	is a synonym of assembly
aggregation	has definition An association, which specifies that instances of one class contain instances of the other class as parts
	is a kind of association
	is a subtopic of 5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams
	is drawn as a diamond next to the 'whole' end of the association in a UML class diagram
	represents 'part-whole' relationships
	can be drawn as a hierarchy but the use of such hierarchies in valid models is quite rare
algorithm	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 10.4 - Defects in Numerical Algorithms
algorithm design	has definition The design of computational mechanisms
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
algorithmic cost estimation model	has definition An approach to cost estimation such as COCOMO or function points, that use mathematical formulas whose parameters are based on industrial experience
	has example formula E = a + bNc where E is the effort estimate N is the estimate or measure being used as the basis for the effort estimate (e.g. number of use cases or lines of code) a, b and c are obtained by extensive analysis of past projects and comparisons with the current project
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	provides provide formulas to compute anticipated cost of a project, taking into account various aspects of the project's size and complexity
	uses formula
	was developed by looking at a wide range of software development projects
All project management	has URL www.allpm.com
	is a subtopic of 11.8 - Managing the Software Process - References
	is an instance of web site about project management
allowance for maintainability and enhancement	describes changes that are anticipated for subsequent releases
	is a kind of non-functional requirement
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
allowance for reusability	describes the percentage of the system, measured in lines of code, that must be designed generically so that it can be reused
	is a kind of non-functional requirement
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
alpha testing	has advantage you typically are able to have a much larger volume of testing performed the users use the software in the same manner that they will use it when it is formally released
	has definition Testing performed by the user or client, under the supervision of the software development team
	is a kind of testing performed by users and clients
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
amount of elapsed time	is a kind of event
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming with Java	has author C. Thomas Wu
	has ISBN number 0-07-239684-9
	has URL www.drcaffeine.com/
	is a subtopic of 2.11 - Review of Object Orientation and Java - References
	is an instance of book about Java programming
	was published by McGraw Hill
	was published in 2000
An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accident	has author N.G. Leveson and C.S. Turner
	has date July 1993
	has publication IEEE Computer, Vol. 26, No. 7
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of article about software failures
analysis	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 2.2 - Classes and Objects
animation	has advantages provides high impact communication of complex information entertaining and hence attractive for users
	has problems bandwidth-intensive, hence reduces response time sequential, requiring replay viewing consumes the user's time not usable by blind and possibly deaf people expensive to produce may be annoying
	is a kind of coding technique
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
anticipating obsolescence	assumes that changes will inevitably occur in the technology a software system uses and the environment in which it runs
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is an instance of design principle
	means planning for changes in the technology or environment so the software will continue to run or can be easily changed
	can be accomplished by Avoiding the use of early releases of technology Avoiding the use of software libraries that are specific to particular environments Avoiding the use of undocumented features or little-used features of software libraries Avoiding the use of reusable software or special hardware from smaller companies, or from those that are less likely to provide long-term support Using standard languages and technologies that are supported by multiple vendors
antipattern	has definition A solution to a design problem that is inferior or does not work in this context
	is a kind of design pattern
	is a subtopic of 6.1 - Introduction to Patterns
	is part of design pattern
Antipatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis	has author W.H. Brown, R.C. Malveau, H.W. McCormick III, T.J. Mowbray
	has ISBN number 0-471-19713-0
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	is an instance of book about design patterns
	was published by Wiley
	was published in 1998
API	is a subtopic of 3.3 - Frameworks: Reusable Subsystems
	is an abbreviation for Application Program Interface
	is an instance of abbreviation
application	has definition A program used by an end-user, as opposed to one simply used by other programs
	is a kind of program
application framework	has definition A framework that provides many of the functions needed by a particular class of applications, and which is designed to be reused in the development of such applications
	is a synonym of vertical framework
Application Program Interface	has definition The set of procedures or methods through which a layer provides its services
	has specification that describes the protocol that higher-level layers use to access it, as well as the semantics of each service, including the side effects
	is a kind of interface^2
	is a subtopic of 3.3 - Frameworks: Reusable Subsystems
	is abbreviated as API
application	typically uses only a subset of the framework's services
Applied Software Architecture	has author Christine Hofmeister, Robert Nord, Dilip Soni
	has ISBN number 0-201-32571-3
	is a subtopic of 9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References
	is an instance of software architecture book
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 1999
approach to identifying generalizations	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
Aptest's software testing links	has URL www.aptest.com/resources.html
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of web site about software testing
architect	has definition The person responsible for leading the decision-making about the architecture, and maintaining the architectural model
	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 11.4 - Building Software Engineering Teams
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
architectural model	assists with integrating the work of individual people to form the final system planning and co-ordination of the work of developing a complex software system which is distributed among a large number of people planning the evolution of the system, such as subsystems that are envisioned to be part of a future release
	contains information about the interfaces and dynamic interactions among the subsystems
	defines the terms that people use when they communicate with each other about lower-level details
	has definition The document produced as a result of performing software architecture
	has purpose To enable everyone to better understand the system To allow people to work on individual pieces of the system in isolation To prepare for extension of the system To facilitate reuse and reusability
	is a kind of document
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	is a synonym of software architecture^3
	shows each system component, encouraging reuse
	can be used to communicate with customers
	may be expressed as several different views such as The logical breakdown into subsystems, often shown using package diagrams The dynamics of the interaction among components at run time, expressed using interaction or activity diagrams The data that will be shared among the subsystems, expressed using class diagrams The components that will exist at run time, and the machines or devices on which they will be located, expressed using component and deployment diagrams
	must be stable which means that the new features can be easily added with only small changes to the architecture
	should be generic to ensure reusability
architectural modeller	is a kind of modeller
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	performs architectural modelling
	refines architectural model by following these steps iteratively: Sketch an outline of the architecture, based on the principal requirements and use cases. Determine the main components that will be needed, such as databases, particular hardware devices and the main software subsystems Refine the architecture by identifying the main ways in which the components will interact, and by identifying the interfaces between them. Decide how each piece of data and functionality will be distributed among the various components Consider each use case and adjust the architecture to make it realizable Mature the architecture as you define the final class diagrams and interaction diagrams
	uses UML diagrams
	should apply design principles
	should avoid circular dependencies among packages
	should make the interface of a package as simple as possible to simplify its use and testing
architectural modelling	follows these steps iteratively: Sketch an outline of the architecture, based on the principal requirements and use cases. Determine the main components that will be needed, such as databases, particular hardware devices and the main software subsystems. Choose architectural patterns. Refine the architecture by identifying the main ways in which the components will interact, and by identifying the interfaces between them. Decide how each piece of data and functionality will be distributed among the various components. Determine if you can re-use an existing framework. Consider each use case and adjust the architecture to make it realizable Mature the architecture as you define the final class diagrams and interaction diagrams
	has challenge is to produce a relevant and synthetic picture of a large and complex system
	is a kind of modelling
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	is performed by architectural modeller
	uses UML diagrams
architectural pattern	allows you to design flexible systems using components that are as independent of each other as possible
	has definition A pattern used in software architecture
	is a kind of pattern
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
	is a synonym of architectural style
architectural style	is a synonym of architectural pattern
architecture design	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	is a synonym of software architecture^2
ArgoUML	has URL argouml.tigris.org
	is an open source shareware project run by Tigris
	is a subtopic of 5.11 - Modelling With Classes - References
	is an instance of tool for drawing UML diagrams
ArrayList	has methods set, add and remove
	has purpose to allow you to build collections of objects that grow as more objects are added
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java collection class
article	is a kind of publication
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
article about software failures	is a kind of article
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
ASCII	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of coding scheme
	cannot represent all the symbols used in languages other than English
assembly	is a synonym of aggregate
assertion	has definition A statement that must be true; if it becomes false then the software has encountered a failure
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
assignment statement	has purpose to assign a value to a variable
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
association	describes a relationship that will exist between instances at run time
	has default name "has" if it has neither an association name nor a role name
	has definition A relationship between two classes that represents the existence of a set of links between objects of the two classes
	has example class Person in a business application might have the following relationships supervisor (association to class Manager) and tasksToDo (association to class Task)
	has part association name
	has part role name
	is bi-directional unless it has an arrow at one end indicating directionality
	is legitimate only if its links will survive beyond the execution of any particular operation
	is a kind of data abstraction
	is a subtopic of 2.2 - Classes and Objects
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	is drawn as a line, or set of connected lines, between two classes in a UML class diagram
	is usually implemented using instance variables in Java: you divide each two-way association into two one-way associations - so each associated class has an instance variable
	normally represents something that will be stored in a database
	represents all the links between two classes that may ever exist
	shows how two classes are related to each other
	can have a label which is an association name or a role name
	cannot be drawn as a hierarchy
association class	has definition A class whose instances are associated with links of a (usually many-to-many) association
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	is attached to an association
	should be named using a noun that reflects the meaning of the association
Association for Computing Machinery	has web site www.acm.org
	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is abbreviated as ACM
	is an instance of organization
	publishes Communications of the ACM
association	may be implemented in several ways in Java
	must not be added to a model unless it is relevant to the application - it will be needed to implement some requirement
association name	is a verb or verb phrase
	is a kind of label
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	is placed next to the middle of the association in a UML diagram
	may have an arrow next to it to indicate the direction in which to read the association
association	should exist if a class possesses, controls, is connected to, is related to, is a part of, has as parts, is a member of, or has as members, some class in your model
	should have sufficient names to make the association clear and unambiguous
association symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.2 - Essentials of UML Class Diagrams
assuming a floating point value will be exactly equal to some other value	has testing strategy standard boundary testing
	is a kind of defect in a numerical algorithm
	is a subtopic of 10.4 - Defects in Numerical Algorithms
asymmetric reflexive association	has definition A reflexive association in which the roles at either end are different.
	is a kind of reflexive association
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	should be labelled using role names instead of an association name
atomicity	has definition A property of a transaction that ensures it is completed entirely, or not at all
	is a kind of quality
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
attribute	has definition A simple data item present in all the instances of a class
	is a kind of data abstraction
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is implemented as an instance variable in Java
	is used in the analysis and design stage before it is known how the attribute will be implemented
	represents the properties of an object
	can be identified by looking at the description of the system and searching for information that must be maintained about each class
	must not be added to a model unless it is relevant to the application - it will be needed to implement some requirement
	must not have a plural name
	should be a simple variable - typically an integer or string, or a one-to-one composition
	should be private
	should not have an implicit internal structure
	should not normally represent a variable number of things
	should only be accessed through public methods so that attributes are only given valid values and so that you can change the internal design of the class without affecting how users of the class interact with it
attribute symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.2 - Essentials of UML Class Diagrams
attribute^2	has definition A detail in the requirements of a system
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 10.8 - Writing Formal Test Cases and Test Plans
	can be found by circling all the important points in the requirements document
	can be thought of as something that is testable
availability	has definition A quality that measures the amount of time that a system is running and able to provide services to its users
	is a kind of measurement
	is a kind of non-functional requirement
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
	measures the amount of time that a server is running and available to respond to users
average software project	exceeds its budget by 90% and its schedule by 120% according to the Standish Group
	is a kind of software project
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is canceled before completion 30% of the time according to the Standish Group
AWT component	is simpler than Java Beans or Swing components but more limited
	is a kind of Java user interface component
	is a subtopic of 7.7 - Implementing a Simple GUI in Java
bad project management	causes the average software projects to exceed its budge by 90% and its schedule by 120%
	is a kind of project management
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
bad software	is difficult to understand and modify
	is poorly designed
	is a kind of software
	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
	can be easily created by an inadequately trained software developer
	may partly work
base class	is the name for superclass in C++
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 2.5 - Organizing Classes Into Inheritance Hierarchies
	is a synonym of superclass
beginning user	is a kind of user
	is a kind of user
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
	perceives that a system is easier to learn if the complex features are hidden from them initially by having separate 'beginner' and 'expert' interfaces
behaviour	has definition The way an object or system acts and reacts, possibly changing its state
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 2.2 - Classes and Objects
benefit	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.3 - Techniques for Making Good Design Decisions
beta tester	benefits by using the features of the software before others have access to them
	has definition A person performing beta testing
	is a kind of tester
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
	is given a pre-release version of the software
	is recruited from the potential user population of a product
	knows that the software will contain more defects than the final version
	reports problems when he or she discovers them
beta testing	has advantage you typically are able to have a much larger volume of testing performed the users use the software in the same manner that they will use it when it is formally released
	has definition Testing performed by the user or client in a normal work environment
	is a kind of testing performed by users and clients
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
Beyond the Team	has author R.M. Belbin
	has ISBN number 0-585-23086-2
	has URL www.netlibrary.com/summary.asp?id=34027
	is a subtopic of 11.8 - Managing the Software Process - References
	is an instance of book about project management
	was published by Butterworth-Heinermann
	was published in 2000
big bang testing	has definition An inappropriate approach to integration testing in which you take the entire integrated system and test it as a unit
	is a kind of integration testing
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
	can work well on small systems
	may not work well on larger systems because it may be hard to tell in which subsystem the defect lies when a failure occurs
black-box tester	has definition A person performing black-box testing
	is a kind of tester
	is a subtopic of 10.2 - Effective and Efficient Testing
	observes outputs from the system
	performs black-box testing
	provides inputs to the system
	does not see the source code, the internal data, nor any of the design documentation describing the system's internals
black-box testing	has definition A form of testing in which you manipulate inputs and observe outputs, but cannot observe the internals of the entity being tested
	involves providing the system with inputs and observing the outputs, without seeing what is going on inside
	is less time consuming than glass-box testing
	is a kind of testing
	is a subtopic of 10.2 - Effective and Efficient Testing
blind user	is a kind of user with a disability
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
	needs a program that converts text to Braille or speech
block	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
Blue Dawn Corporation: Software Testing Links	has URL www.bluedawncomp.com/stlinks.htm
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of web site about software testing
book	has author
	has ISBN number
	is a kind of publication
	was published by publisher
	was published in
book about design patterns	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
book about frameworks	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
book about Java programming	is a kind of book about programming
	is a subtopic of 2.11 - Review of Object Orientation and Java - References
book about modelling interactions and behaviour	is a kind of book
book about networking	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
book about object oriented development processes	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 5.11 - Modelling With Classes - References
book about process standards	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
book about programming	is a kind of book
book about project management	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 11.8 - Managing the Software Process - References
book about requirements analysis	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 4.13 - Developing Requirements - References
book about software inspection	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
book about software quality assurance	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
book about software reuse	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
book about software testing	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
book about UML	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 5.11 - Modelling With Classes - References
book about user interfaces and usability	is a kind of book
	is a subtopic of 7.9 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks - References
boolean	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java primitive data type
	see also Boolean class
	see also boolean^2
	can use == operator
Boolean class	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java wrapper class
	see also boolean
boolean^2	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
	see also boolean
Borland JBuilder	has URL www.borland.com/
	is a subtopic of 2.11 - Review of Object Orientation and Java - References
	is an instance of programming environment
bottom-up approach to identifying generalizations	groups similar classes creating a new superclass
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is an instance of approach to identifying generalizations
	is an instance of bottom-up design
bottom-up design	has advantage normally useful so that reusable components can be created; these can then be used in several places in the overall system
	has definition An approach to design in which you start by designing the low-level details such as the utilities, and then decide how these will be put together to create successively higher-level components, and ultimately the entire system
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
bottom-up testing	has definition A incremental testing strategy in which you start by testing the very lowest levels of the software using drivers, and then work upwards, as you integrate successive layers
	has disadvantage the cost of writing the drivers
	has procedure start by testing the very lowest levels of the software using a driver
	is a kind of vertical incremental testing
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
boundary testing	has definition A testing strategy based on testing at the boundaries of equivalence classes - since this is where most errors occur
	is a kind of testing
	is a subtopic of 10.3 - Defects in Ordinary Algorithms
Brad Appleton's description of patterns	has URL www.enteract.com/~bradapp/docs/patterns-intro.html
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	is an instance of web site about design patterns
brainstorming	has advantages in a group session people are energized and tend to spontaneously invent many good ideas, stimulated by what others have said introverted or timid people can have their say effectively since anonymity can be assured
	has definition The process of obtaining ideas, opinions, and answers to a question in a group environment in which all members of the group are given the opportunity to contribute
	has procedure Call a meeting with representation from all stakeholders Appoint an experienced moderator Arrange the attendees around the periphery of a table and give them plenty of paper to work with Decide on a trigger question Ask each participant to follow these instructions: Think of an answer to the trigger question Write the answer down in one or two lines on a sheet of paper, one idea per sheet Pass the paper to the neighbour on your left to stimulate their thoughts Look at the answers passed from your neighbour to the right and pass these on to your left as well. Use the ideas you have read to stimulate your own ideas Continue step 5 until ideas stop flowing or a fixed time (5-15 minutes) passes Ask everybody to read out one of the ideas on the sheets that happens to be in front of them. The moderator writes the each idea on a flip chart Take a series of votes to prioritize the ideas
	has purpose to gather information from a group of people
	is a kind of requirements gathering
	is a subtopic of 4.6 - Some Techniques for Gathering and Analyzing Requirements
	is related to Joint Application Development
	uses a moderator (or facilitator) to lead the session
	can help resolve conflicts over requirements
	should be done with five to 20 people
break	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
Bredemeyer's resources for software architects	has URL www.bredemeyer.com
	is a subtopic of 9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References
	is an instance of web site about software architecture
British Standard 7925	covers Software Testing
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of quality assurance and testing standard
broker	allows an object to call methods of another object without knowing that this object is remotely located
	distributes aspects of the software system to different nodes
	facilitates divide and conquer since the remote objects can be independently designed
	has definition An architectural pattern in which parts of the system are transparently distributed to different nodes of a network
	increases cohesion because the remote objects have strong communicational cohesion
	increases reusability because it is often possible to design the remote objects so that other systems can use them too
	increases reuse because you may be able to reuse remote objects that others have created
	is a kind of architectural pattern
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
brute force	is pointless because any given defect is likely to cause failures with many different input values
	is a kind of testing strategy
	is a subtopic of 10.2 - Effective and Efficient Testing
	takes such a huge amount of time so as to be impractical
	tests a method using every possible value
budgeted cost of work performed	is a synonym of earned value
bug	has definition A colloquial term for defect or failure
	is a synonym of defect
	is a synonym of failure
build	has definition The process of compiling and integrating all the components of the software, incorporating any changes since the last build
	involves compiling and integrating all the components of the software, incorporating any changes since the last time this was done
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
	may be done on a daily or weekly basis
burdened cost	is a synonym of weighted average cost
Business Modelling with UML: Business Patterns at Work	has author H-E. Eriksson and M. Penker
	has ISBN number ISBN 0-471-29551-5
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	is an instance of book about design patterns
	was published by Wiley
	was published in 2000
business process	has definition A process performed by people in an organization
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements
business process change	has definition A change to the way a business does things
	is common
	is a kind of change
	is a subtopic of 4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements
	may be prompted by a desire to better compete in the market, experience, decisions to use alternative approaches, changes in laws, as well as growth or rearrangement of the company
	may force changes in a requirement
business process	may be automated by software system
button	affords clicking if clicking on it would cause some action to occur.
	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
byte	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java primitive data type
	requires 8 bits
	see also Byte class
	see also byte^2
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
Byte class	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java wrapper class
	see also byte
byte	should not be used for textual data which is to be exposed to the end user
byte^2	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
	see also byte
bytecode	is like a universal machine language
	is a kind of code
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is not designed to be read by human beings
	can run on any computer that has an interpreter called a virtual machine
C compiler	compiles source code into machine code
	is a kind of compiler
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
C file	is a kind of C module
	is a kind of file
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
C function	is a kind of C module
	is a kind of function
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
C module	is a kind of module
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
C++	adds object oriented extensions to C
	has much the same syntax as C
	has disadvantages its syntax is quite complex it is too easy to create code that has bugs large C++ programs have thus been found to be hard to maintain - they deteriorate rapidly as many programmers make changes
	has feature macros
	has feature multiple inheritance
	has feature operator overloading
	has feature pointer arithmetic
	is the most widely used object oriented language
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of object oriented language
	was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
C++ compiler	compiles source code into machine code
	is a kind of compiler
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
C++ source code	is a kind of source code
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	may be placed outside a class
Cadillac system	has definition A system that does more than is needed
	is a kind of software system
	is a subtopic of 4.8 - Reviewing Requirements
calendar	has localization issues although international business is based on the Gregorian calendar, the calendars of certain cultures and religions are also used in some places
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
Calendar class	allows for the use of calendars of specific cultures
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
	is an instance of Java class
can-be-seen-as relation	characterizes the relation between the implementing class and the interface
	has example classes representing bank employees and automatic teller machines - both can be seen as a sort of cashier
	is a kind of relation
	is a subtopic of 5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams
case	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
casting	has example (String)i.next()
	has purpose to convert an instance of one data type into another which is a subclass of the original type
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
catalog of reusable components	contains information about reusable components
	is a kind of document
	is a subtopic of 3.2 - Incorporating Reusability and Reuse Into Software Engineering
	must be easy to search
	must be kept up-to-date
	must deprecate older components that have been found to be unreliable or have been superseded by better components
catch	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
Cetus Links on UML	has URL www.cetus-links.org/oo_uml.html
	is a subtopic of 5.11 - Modelling With Classes - References
	is an instance of web site about UML
change	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements
change to requirements	has unpredictable rate
	is a kind of change
	is a subtopic of 4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements
	can be rapid
	can cause requirements creep
	can result in a deteriorating design if the original design did adequately anticipate the changes
	can result in completed work being wasted
	should not make the system bigger
	should only be made if benefits exceed the costs
Chapter 1 - Software and Software Engineering	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 10 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 11 - Managing the Software Process	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 2 - Review of Object Orientation	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 3 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 4 - Developing Requirements	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 5 - Modelling With Classes	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 6 - Using Design Patterns	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 7 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 8 - Modelling Interactions and Behaviour	is a subtopic of kbTop
Chapter 9 - Architecting and designing software	is a subtopic of kbTop
char	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java primitive data type
	see also char^2
	see also Character
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
char^2	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
	see also char
Character	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java wrapper class
	see also char
character set	has localization issues Unicode can handle most world character sets, but you also have to ensure that appropriate fonts are available
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
Chartered Engineer	has definition A term used in the United Kingdom, and certain other jurisdictions, that is equivalent to professional engineer
	is a kind of engineer
	is a subtopic of 1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession
chemical engineering	is a kind of engineering
	is a subtopic of 1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession
chief programmer team	advocates that the chief programmer leads and guides the project; however he consults with, and relies on, individual specialists
	has definition A team structure midway between a hierarchical team and an egoless team, in which a chief programmer leads and guides the project, in consultation with experts in various specialties
	is like a surgical team
	is a kind of software engineering team model
	is a subtopic of 11.4 - Building Software Engineering Teams
civil engineering	is a kind of engineering
	is a subtopic of 1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession
class	contains all of the code that relates to its objects including code describing how the objects of the class are structured - i.e. the data stored in each object that implement the properties The procedures, called methods, that implement the behaviour of the objects
	contains data associated with each object
	declares a list of variables, called instance variables, corresponding to data that will be present in each instance
	has definition A software module that provides both procedural and data abstraction. It describes a set of similar objects, called its instances
	has part class name
	has part class variable
	has part code
	has part constructor
	has part instance variable
	has part method
	has part variables
	is an abstract representation of all the instances of that class that may ever exist
	is probably useless if it has no responsibilities attached to it
	is the unit of data abstraction in an object-oriented program
	is a kind of data abstraction
	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of 2.2 - Classes and Objects
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is divided up into methods
	is drawn as a box with the name of the class inside in a UML class diagram
	is needed in a domain model if you have to store or manipulate instances of it in order to implement a requirement
	represents several similar objects
	see also class^2
	can have instances
class design	has definition The design of the various features of classes such as associations, attributes, interactions and states
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
class diagram	describes the data found in a software system
	has definition A UML diagram that primarily indicates classes and the associations between those classes
	has part OCL statement in a class diagram
	is an important tool for requirements analysis and design of object oriented software systems
	is a kind of UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.1 - What is UML?
	shows the services offered by components and the main data to be stored
	can contain symbols for classes, associations, attributes, operations, generalizations
	can generate an infinite number of instance diagrams
	may show attributes and operations contained in each class by dividing a class box into three smaller boxes: the top box contains the class name, the middle box lists the attributes, and the bottom box lists operations.
	may show that a class has no attributes or operations by showing an empty box
class method	has definition A method that, unlike an instance method, does not execute in the context of a particular instance of a class
	has purpose implementing functions such as initializing a class, or operating on the complete set of instances of a class
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is a synonym of static method
	should not be overused
class name	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is written in the singular by convention
	can be chosen from nouns or noun phrases in source material unless they are redundant represent instances are vague or general correspond to classes that are not needed for this application or this type of model
	should be a noun by convention
	should not be too general or too specific
class	should be created to hold a responsibility if the responsibility cannot be attributed to any of the existing classes
	should be named after things their instances represent in the real world
	should have a comment at the top describing the purpose of the class, how it should be used, its authors and its history of modification
	should not be named after the internals of a computer system such as 'Record', 'Table', 'Data', 'Structure', or 'Information'
class symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.2 - Essentials of UML Class Diagrams
class variable	has a value that is shared by all instances of a class
	has definition A data item present in a class that is shared by all instances of that class
	has purpose storing: Default or 'constant' values that are widely used by methods in a class Lookup tables and similar structures used by algorithms inside a particular class
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is a synonym of static variable
	is shared by all instances of the class
	should not be overused
class^2	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
	see also class
Classical and Object Oriented Software Engineering, with UML and C++/Java	has author S. Schach
	has ISBN number 0-07-230226-7
	has web site www.mhhe.com/engcs/compsci/schach/
	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is an instance of software engineering book
	was published by McGraw Hill
	was published in 1999
clicking a button	is a kind of command
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
client	is a synonym of customer
	see also client
client-server architecture	has advantages The computational work can be distributed among different machines The clients can access the server's functionality from a distance The client and server can be designed separately, so they can both be simpler than a program that does everything All the data can be kept centrally at the server, thus making it easier to assure its reliability Conversely, distributing data among many different geographically-distributed clients or servers can mean that if a disaster occurs in one place, the loss of data is minimized The server can be accessed simultaneously by many clients Competing clients can be written to communicate with the same server, and vice-versa
	has alternatives Have a single program on one computer that does everything Avoid having any communication and have each computer perform the work separately Have some mechanism other than client-server communication for exchanging information
	has definition An architectural pattern in which the system is divided into clients and servers
	is one of the most widely used ways of structuring software systems
	is a kind of distributed architecture
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
client-server architecture in Webopedia	has URL webopedia.internet.com/TERM/c/client_server_architecture.html
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
	is an instance of web site about the client-server architecture
client-server newsgroup	has address news:comp.client-server
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
	is an instance of newsgroup
client-server system	generally uses multiple threads of control that can be concurrently executed to implement concurrent operations, otherwise when the client is waiting for one kind of input, it will not be able to respond to the other kind of input
	has interaction The server starts running The server listens for clients wanting to connect Clients start running and perform various operations, some of which require connecting to the server to request a service When a client attempts to connect, the server accepts the connection if it is willing The server waits for messages to arrive from connected clients When a message from a client arrives, the server takes some action in response, such as sending a message back to the client, then resumes waiting Clients and servers continue functioning in this manner until one of them decides to shut down
	has problem developers of clients are frequently forced to upgrade their clients whenever the server is changed if clients and servers are developed by different organizations
	involves at least one server and one client
	is inherently concurrent because the server runs concurrently with the clients, normally (but not necessarily) on different computers
	is prone to security violations, due to the fact that information is transmitted over a network
	is vulnerable to interruptions in communication or denial-of-service attacks
	is a kind of distributed system
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
	should be forward-compatible and backward-compatible with other versions of clients and servers by designing the client-server protocols to be very general and flexible
	should incorporate encryption, firewalls and similar methods of ensuring security
client^2	does concurrently Waiting for interactions with the end-user, and responding when interactions occur Waiting for messages coming from the server, and responding when messages arrive
	handles the disconnection of the server, because the server crashed or the network failed or because either the client or server requested disconnection
	has definition A program or process that connects to another program or process, using a communication channel, in order to request a service
	initializes itself so it is able to communicate with the server
	initiates a connection to a server
	is a kind of process^2
	is a kind of program
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
	reacts to messages coming from the server
	see also client^2
	sends messages to the server to request services
	terminates cleanly including includes disconnecting from a server if it is still connected
	can also be a server at the same time
	cannot connect with a server unless the server is listening
	may access many servers to perform different functions
	may be located on the same computer as its server or on a different computer
	may try again to connect to the server if the server does not initially respond
	must know the network address of the server
cloning	has definition The practice of duplicating chunks of code; considered bad practice except when copying just one or two lines of code
	is a synonym of duplication of code
CMM	is a subtopic of 10.11 - Quality Assurance in General
	is an abbreviation for Software Capability Maturity Model
	is an instance of abbreviation
CMM in Practice: Processes for Executing Software Projects at Infosys	has author P. Jalote
	has ISBN number 0-201-61626-2
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of book about process standards
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 1999
COCOMO	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is an abbreviation for Constructive Cost Model
	is an instance of abbreviation
code	is a kind of representation
code layout principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming Style Guidelines
	can be found at Sun
coder	has definition A programmer who limits their work to programming (i.e. who do no higher-level design or analysis)
	is a kind of programmer
	is a subtopic of 1.7 - Activities Common to Software Projects
	does not do high-level analysis and design
CodeWarrior	has URL metrowerks.com
	is a subtopic of 2.11 - Review of Object Orientation and Java - References
	is an instance of programming environment
coding scheme	is a kind of subject
coding technique	has advantages
	has definition A way of representing information so as to communicate it to the user; e.g. using text, colour, icons, grouping, sound etc.
	has problems
	is a kind of representation
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
	is a synonym of encoding technique
cohesion	has definition A measure of the extent to which related aspects of a system are kept together in the same module, and unrelated aspects are kept out
	has precedence table Cohesion type Comments functional cohesion If an aspect of a design can be achieved using a functionally cohesive module then it is normally best to do so. layer cohesion Layer cohesion should typically have higher priority. Dividing systems into layers has been shown to considerably simplify systems. communicational cohesion Communicational cohesion, as embodied in the classes of an object oriented system, should have high priority. Here we list it below layer cohesion since modules may access the same kind of data in different layers. sequential cohesion Sequential cohesion is effectively a strong form of temporal cohesion, but is weaker than communicational cohesion since different data types may be involved in the different stages of a sequentially cohesive module. temporal cohesion Temporal cohesion should typically be considered weaker than other types of cohesion. It is important, but only if the other types of cohesion have been achieved. utility cohesion Utility cohesion is the weakest kind of cohesion since it serves to group together those parts of the system that do not seem to logically belong anywhere else.
	is a kind of measurement
	is a kind of software quality
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
cohesive module	is a kind of module
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	can contain sub-modules with different types of cohesion
	can use the services of other modules without reducing cohesion, as long as the services of the other modules are not doing things that should be in the cohesive module
collaboration	is a kind of abstraction
	is a subtopic of 8.1 - Interaction Diagrams
	can be represented in a class diagram using a dashed ellipse
collaboration diagram	contains a communication link between each pair of objects involved in the sending of a message; the messages themselves are attached to this link
	has definition A UML interaction diagram showing a set of objects connected by communications links
	has part communication link
	is better than sequence diagram when you are deriving an interaction diagram from a class diagram
	is similar to an instance diagram except that it does not show links of associations
	is a kind of interaction diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.1 - What is UML?
	is drawn as as a graph with a set of objects and actors as the vertices
	shows the relationships that exist among objects and actors
	can help validate class diagrams
	can represent aspects of a design pattern
collaboration symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 8.1 - Interaction Diagrams
	is drawn as a dashed ellipse
	is linked to classes that fulfill the various roles of the collaboration by dashed lines
collating sequence	has definition The order in which the letters of the alphabet are sorted
	has localization issues Some languages place accented versions of characters at the end of an alphabet, whereas others consider that they should appear in the same place as unaccented characters in the sort order
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
colour	has advantages draws attention to specific items conveys organization (items coloured similarly are related) makes the UI more attractive
	has problems users cannot distinguish among large numbers of colours some colour combinations clash colour-blind people cannot see differences in hue some colours (e.g. bright red) can be distracting if overused colours may have unexpected emotional meanings to users (e.g. a sickly shade of green)
	is a kind of coding technique
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
COM	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
	is an instance of broker
combinatorial explosion	has definition In the context of testing, the observation that the number of required tests for exhaustive testing will increase exponentially as the number of inputs increases
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 10.3 - Defects in Ordinary Algorithms
command	has definition An action that causes the system to perform some computations
	is a kind of action
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
comment	has purpose to describe the purpose of each class, method and variable along with any difficult-to-understand statements inside methods, and to indicated any changes to the code
	is essential to give readers an overview and to help them understand its complexities quickly
	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of Programming Style Guidelines
	can be written before writing the code
	should be between about 20% and 35% of the total length of the code
	should be written to describe each non-obvious variable
	should be written to describe loops and conditional statements inside complex algorithms
	should be written at the head of each non-obvious method describing its function and usage
	should be written at the top of each class
	should describe the purpose of the class, how it should be used, its authors and its history of modification
	should not be about obvious things since they add clutter
commenting	affects maintainability
	affects indirectly reliability
	is a kind of internal software quality
	is a subtopic of 1.5 - Software Quality
	is measured as as the fraction of total lines in the source code that are comments
commercial off-the-shelf software	has definition A term for generic software, often abbreviated as COTS
	is a synonym of generic software
	is abbreviated as COTS
common coupling	has definition A form of coupling in which components share data using a global variable and thus become dependent on each other
	is a kind of coupling
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	shares many of the disadvantages of content coupling
	can be avoided by creating a module that has specially-designated public methods, which can be called to obtain or modify the system-wide default values
	should be minimized
Common Object Request Broker Architecture	has definition A well-known standard broker architecture
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
	is abbreviated as CORBA
	is an instance of broker
communication link	has definition In a collaboration diagram, a line drawn between each pair of objects involved in the sending of a message
	is a kind of symbol in collaboration diagram
	is a subtopic of 8.1 - Interaction Diagrams
	can exist between two objects whenever it is possible for one object to send a message to the other one, including the following situations: The classes of the two objects are joined by an association The receiving object is stored in a local variable of the sending method (but the objects are not yet joined by an association) A reference to the receiving object has been received as a parameter of an earlier message to the sender The receiving object is global The objects communicate over a network
	does not necessarily correspond to instances of associations (i.e. links) in a class diagram
communication system	contains layers in order from bottom to top facilities for transmitting and receiving signals is a layer that deals with splitting messages into packets and reconstructing messages that are received a layer that deals with handling ongoing connections with a remote host a layer that handles various protocols used by application programs such as http
	has clients a program that allows users to send a message or maintain a conversation with users on another computer
	has server a program that routes messages and can have features such as 'forwarding' that people are familiar with from the telephone network
	is a kind of client-server system
	is a kind of multi-layer system
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
communicational cohesion	has definition A form of cohesion in which procedures that access the same data are kept together
	is more important than sequential cohesion
	is a kind of cohesion
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is helped by the object oriented paradigm
Communications of the ACM	has web site www.acm.org
	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is an instance of magazine
	is published by the Association for Computing Machinery
Community for Software Engineers	has URL www.software-engineer.org
	is a subtopic of 1.10 - Software and Software Engineering - References
	is an instance of software engineering web site
compilation	has definition The process of translating source code into code that is executable by a computer
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
compiler	has purpose to translate source code into code that is executable by a computer
	is a kind of program
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	performs compilation
complex condition	is a kind of condition
	is a subtopic of Programming Style Guidelines
	should be avoided because it is difficult to read
	should be divided into several separate conditions on separate lines
complex Java condition	has example if(a==5 &&(b>40 \ c) && (d > a+2 \ e==5)) ...
	is a kind of complex condition
	is a kind of Java condition
	is a subtopic of Programming Style Guidelines
complexity of code	affects maintainability
	affects reliability
	is a kind of internal software quality
	is a subtopic of 1.5 - Software Quality
	is measured in terms of the nesting depth, the number of branches and the use of certain complex programming constructs
component	has definition Any piece of software or hardware that has a clear role and can be isolated, allowing you to replace it with a different component with equivalent functionality
	is reusable if it can be used in several different systems with little or no modification
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
component diagram	has definition A UML diagram showing components and their relationships
	is a kind of UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.1 - What is UML?
	shows how the various components of systems are arranged logically and physically
component	may perform a special-purpose function such as the user interface for a particular system
component symbol	is a kind of symbol in UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	is drawn a box with two smaller boxes protruding from its left side
composite	has definition A specialization of the general hierarchy pattern, that uses an aggregation instead of an ordinary association
	is a subtopic of 6.3 - The General Hierarchy Pattern
	is an instance of design pattern
composition	has definition A strong kind of aggregation in which if the aggregate is destroyed, then the parts are destroyed as well
	has example The rooms of a building cannot exist without the building
	is a kind of aggregation
	is a subtopic of 5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams
	is drawn as a solid (filled-in) diamond in a UML diagram
computation	is a kind of event
	is a subtopic of 8.2 - State Diagrams
	can be represented by a state diagram
computer engineering	developed in the 1980's
	is a kind of engineering
	is a subtopic of 1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession
	is concerned with the design of computer systems that involve both hardware and software components
computer science	is a kind of discipline
	is a subtopic of 1.3 - Software Engineering as a Branch of the Engineering Profession
computing numerical results	is a kind of responsibility
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
concrete class	has definition A class that can have instances
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 2.6 - The Effect of Inheritance Hierarchies on Polymorphism and Variable Declarations
concurrency	is a kind of quality
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
concurrent engineering model	has definition A process model in which each team works on its own component, typically following a spiral or evolutionary approach
	is a kind of process model
	is a subtopic of 11.2 - Software Process Models
	uses the divide and conquer principle: Each team works on its own component, typically following a spiral or evolutionary approach
condition	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
configuration management specialist	is responsible for ensuring that changes are made, no new problems are introduced and that documentation for each change is properly updated
	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 1.4 - Stakeholders in Software Engineering
	is part of software development team
configuration management system	is a kind of tool
	is a subtopic of 4.9 - Managing Changing Requirements
	keeps track of versions of requirements documents
connection	has definition The existence of a communications channel between two computers, typically a client and server
	has part socket in the client
	has part socket in the server
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
const	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
constant	has part value
	has purpose to hold a value that does not change
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
constraint	expresses a logical statement that should evaluate to true
	has definition A small block of text in curly brackets embedded in a UML diagram. It is normally written in a formal language which can be interpreted by a computer
	is a kind of criterion
	is a subtopic of 5.6 - More Advanced Features of Class Diagrams
	is written in braces (curly brackets) in a UML diagram
	can be written in in any language supported by a given tool
	cannot compute a non-boolean result
	cannot have any side-effects
	cannot modify any data
construction	has definition A term often applied to the latter stages of design and to programming, even though the analogy with construction in other areas of engineering is weak
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is not like construction of buildings
Constructive Cost Model	computes effort, in person months, from an estimate of size, in lines of code
	has definition An algorithmic cost estimation method that computes effort, in person-months, from an estimate of size, measured in lines of code
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is abbreviated as COCOMO
	is an instance of algorithmic cost estimation model
constructor	has definition A procedure that is called whenever a new object is created
	has purpose to initialize the instance variables of a newly created object and perform any other needed initialization
	is a kind of procedure
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is part of a class
content coupling	has definition An undesirable form of coupling in which a component surreptitiously modifies internal data of another component
	is a kind of coupling
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
content coupling in Java	is a kind of content coupling
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	can be avoided by Ensuring everybody follows the rule that says not to modify the instance variables of objects that are themselves stored in instance variables of another objects Using the immutable or read only interface design patterns Making all instance variables private, and provide accessing methods such as getVal, and setVal. If you do this, you then have confidence that the only places where the variable is accessed and modified are in these methods
	can occur when you directly modify an instance variable of an instance variable
	can occur whenever you modify a public instance variable in a way that designers did not intend
content coupling	should be avoided since any modification of data should be easy to find and easy to understand
context	has definition The general situation in which a design pattern applies
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 6.1 - Introduction to Patterns
	is part of design pattern
continue	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
contracting-out	has definition Paying to have software (typically custom software) developed by some other organization
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
control	is a synonym of user interface component
	is a synonym of widget
control coupling	has definition A form of coupling in which one component affects the sequence of execution in another
	has example public routineX(String command) { //routineX will have to change whenever any of its callers adds a new command if (command.equals("drawCircle") { drawCircle(); } else { drawRectangle(); } }
	is a kind of coupling
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is named after common blocks in the Fortran language which are used to hold global variables
	occurs when one procedure calls another using a 'flag' or 'command' that explicitly controls what the second procedure does
	can be reduced by having the callers of the routine directly call the methods called in the second routine the use of polymorphic operations using a look-up table that maps a command to a method that should be called when that command is issued
controller	contains the objects that control and handle the user's interaction with the view and the model
	has definition In the MVC architectural pattern, the class or classes used to control and handle the user's interaction with the view and the model
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
copying, converting, transforming, transmitting or outputting	is a kind of responsibility
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is often omitted from a model because the presence of such responsibilities can largely be inferred from the class diagram
CORBA	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
	is an abbreviation for Common Object Request Broker Architecture
	is an instance of abbreviation
CORBA web site	has URL www.corba.com
	is a subtopic of 9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References
	is an instance of web site about software architecture
corrective maintenance	has definition A type of maintenance performed to correct a defect in software
	is a kind of maintenance
	is a subtopic of 1.6 - Software Engineering Projects
corrective project	involves fixing defects
	is a kind of evolutionary project
	is a subtopic of 1.6 - Software Engineering Projects
cost	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.3 - Techniques for Making Good Design Decisions
cost and delivery date	is a kind of non-functional requirement
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
	is often not included in the requirements document, but left to a separate project plan document
cost estimate	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	can be based on The number of use cases The number of distinct requirements The number of classes in the domain model The number of widgets in the prototype user interface An estimate of the number of lines of code
	should be reported regularly to other members of the team, to management and to customers
cost estimation	has definition The process of estimating the effort and elapsed time of an activity or project
	is difficult
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	uses development effort
	uses elapsed time
cost estimation principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
cost estimation principle 1	helps to make an estimate more accurate because you will be more likely to account for all the subsystems and activities if you under-estimate the time required for some subsystems or activities, this should be at least partly compensated for by over-estimates in other places
	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	recommends dividing the project up into individual subsystems, and then dividing each subsystem further into the activities that will be required to develop it, then making a series of detailed estimates for each individual activity, and summing the results to arrive at the grand total estimate for the project
	states divide and conquer
cost estimation principle 2	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states include all activities when making estimates
cost estimation principle 3	has strategies base your estimates purely on the personal judgement of experts within your team use algorithmic models that have been developed in the software industry as a whole
	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states base your estimates on past experience combined with what you can observe of the current project
cost estimation principle 4	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states be sure to account for differences when extrapolating from other projects
cost estimation principle 5	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states anticipate the worst case and plan for contingencies
cost estimation principle 6	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states combine multiple independent estimates
cost estimation principle 7	is a kind of cost estimation principle
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	states revise and refine estimates as work progresses
cost estimation	should be a continuous activity
cost estimation technique	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is used by cost estimator
cost estimator	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	makes inaccurate estimate if he or she tries to estimate the entire cost of a project as a single number
	can estimate time by making 3 separate estimates - optimistic, likely and pessimistic - to come up with a global estimates of the best-case, typical case and worst-case cost for the project
	can use cost estimation technique
	may underestimate the total amount of work required by not understanding the amount of work involved in certain activities or omitting them entirely
	must include extra time into a time estimate to account for typical delays
	should avoid making only a best-case estimate
	should compare the results of several different cost estimation techniques
	should consider differences when making an estimate for a new project: different software developers with different skill levels different development processes and maturity levels different types of customers and users different schedule demands different technology different technical complexity of the requirements Different domains Different levels of requirement stability
	should divide the project up into individual subsystems, and then divide each subsystem further into the activities that will be required to develop it, then make a series of detailed estimates for each individual activity, and sum the results to arrive at the grand total estimate for the project
	should revise estimates because As you gather requirements and begin specifying details, you will be able to increase the accuracy of your estimate As you move into the design phase, you can again increase the accuracy of your estimates You will adjust your estimates as requirements change, or features are dropped in order to meet a budget or deadline As you encounter problems during design and implementation, you will be able to adjust your estimates to take these into account
	should use cost estimation principles
cost of a software project	is a function of development effort
	is a kind of cost
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
cost-benefit analysis	has definition The process of deciding whether to do something by evaluating the costs of doing it and the benefits of doing it, and then choosing to do it if the benefits sufficiently exceed the costs
	has procedure add up estimates of the costs and compare this to the benefits
	is a kind of analysis
	is a subtopic of 9.3 - Techniques for Making Good Design Decisions
	is taught in management courses
COTS	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
	is an abbreviation for commercial off-the-shelf software
	is an instance of abbreviation
coupling	has definition A measure of the extent to which interdependencies exist between software modules
	implies that if you want to reuse one component, you will also have to import all the ones with which it is coupled
	is a kind of measurement
	is a kind of software quality
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
coverage	has definition A measure of the percentage of paths, statements or branches taken by a set of tests
	is a kind of measurement
	is a subtopic of 10.3 - Defects in Ordinary Algorithms
crash	is a kind of failure
	is a subtopic of 10.2 - Effective and Efficient Testing
creating and initializing new instances	is a kind of responsibility
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is often given to some other class
	is often omitted from a model because the presence of such responsibilities can largely be inferred from the class diagram
credit card number format	has localization issues You should almost never require a specific format for these items since they differ so widely and can change at any time Allow free-form input of whatever the user wants to type
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
criterion	is a kind of subject
critical path	has definition A path through a PERT chart indicating the minimum time in which it is possible to complete a project, and the tasks that, if delayed, will delay the whole project
	indicates the minimum time in which it is possible to complete the project
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 11.5 - Project Scheduling and Tracking
	is computed by searching for the path through the PERT chart that has the greatest cumulative elapsed time
critical race	has black-box testing strategy Vary the time consumption of different threads by giving them differing amounts of input, or running them on hardware that varies in speed Run a large number of threads concurrently Deliberately deny resources to one or more threads (e.g. temporarily cut a network connection, or make a file unreadable)
	has definition A defect in which one thread or process can sometimes experience a failure because another thread or process interferes with the 'normal' sequence of events
	is hard to detect with black box testing alone since you often don't know the extent of the concurrency going on inside the system, and can not always manipulate the various threads to cause race conditions
	is a kind of timing and co-ordination defect
	is a subtopic of 10.5 - Defects in Timing and Co-Ordination: Deadlock, Livelocks and Critical Races
	is a synonym of race condition
	can be detected by glass-box testing since you can actually study the progress and states of the various threads
	can be detected by inspection
currency	has localization issues Users may be using more than one currency at once The number of decimal places and the magnitude of values may differ dramatically The currency symbol itself may come before or after the numeric value The language somebody is using does not necessarily dictate the currency they are using; they may be visiting a foreign country or residing in one of several countries that use the same language
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
custom software	has definition Software developed to meet the needs of a particular customer
	has definition Software that is developed to meet the specific needs of a particular customer (in contrast to generic software)
	has example web sites, air-traffic control systems and software for managing the finances of large organizations
	has global CPU usage low
	has global development effort high
	has global number of copies low
	is what most software developers work on
	is a kind of software
	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
	is developed for a particular customer
	is often developed in-house
	is typically used by only a few people
	can be made generic but this can be a complex process if the software was not designed in a flexible way
	may be contracted-out to a consulting company
customer	demands new and updated software
	expects software to be of high quality and to be produced rapidly
	has definition A person who make decisions about ordering and paying for software (in contrast to user); customers are those who have the problem that is being solved by the development of software
	has goal either to increase profits or to run their business more effectively
	is a kind of person
	is a kind of stakeholder
	is a subtopic of 1.4 - Stakeholders in Software Engineering
	is a synonym of client
	is concerned with efficiency
	is concerned with reliability
	likes software that helps their organization save or make money, typically by making the users and the organization as a whole more productive
	makes decisions about ordering and paying for the software
	often want to understand the architecture so they can be confident the software is being designed well and can monitor development progress
	wants software that solves problems at an acceptable cost in terms of money paid and resources used
	may be a user of software
	should be involved in requirements analysis, user interface design and deployment, and also may play a role in design, quality assurance and project management
	should be made to feel involved in the software engineering process resulting in fewer mistakes being made and greater acceptance of the finished product
data abstraction	groups the pieces of data that describe some entity, so that programmers can manipulate that data as a unit
	helps a programmer to cope with the complexity of data
	hides the details of data
	is a kind of abstraction
	is a subtopic of 2.1 - What is Object Orientation?
data coupling	has definition A form of coupling in which one component passes simple data to another as an argument
	has disadvantage components become coupled because they are dependent on each other's interpretation of the meaning of the arguments; if that meaning changes in one component, then the other component may have to change to accommodate the new meaning
	is always present to some extent
	is a kind of coupling
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	can be reduced by not passing unnecessary arguments passing few arguments, each containing more abstract information
data item	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of 2.2 - Classes and Objects
data member	is a synonym of instance variable
data processing software	gathers data together in batches to be processed at a later time
	has concerns accuracy of the data security of the data privacy of the information gathered about people
	has definition Software used for running businesses, managing data such as payroll, purchases, sales, product inventory etc.
	has design issue how to organize the data and provide useful information to the users so they can perform their work effectively
	is a kind of software
	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
	is used to run businesses
	performs functions recording sales, managing accounts, printing bills etc.
data type	is a kind of data abstraction
	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
database	is a kind of component
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
database design	has definition The design of how data is persistently stored so that it may be accessed by many programs and users, over an indefinite period of time
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
database specialist	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 1.4 - Stakeholders in Software Engineering
	is part of software development team
database system	has clients any application program that wants to query a database
	has server A database management system that responds to requests to query or update the database
	is a kind of client-server system
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
DataInputStream	allow programmer to exchange more sophisticated types of data than simple bytes without having to worry about how to translate them into a byte stream
	is a subtopic of 3.5 - Technology Needed to Build Client-Server Systems
	is an instance of filter
	can contain Java primitive types such as int and double
DataOutputStream	allow a programmer to exchange more sophisticated types of data than simple bytes without having to worry about how to translate them into a byte stream
	is a subtopic of 3.5 - Technology Needed to Build Client-Server Systems
	is an instance of filter
	can contain Java primitive types such as int and double
date format	has localization issues There are many ways of writing dates. Even though the international standard is YYYY/MM/DD, this is often not followed
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
Dave Farthing's software project management page	has URL www.comp.glam.ac.uk/pages/staff/dwfarthi/projman.htm
	is a subtopic of 11.8 - Managing the Software Process - References
	is an instance of web site about project management
deadlock	has definition A failure in which two or more threads are stopped, waiting for each other to do something
	has example thread A is waiting to access object O object O is locked by thread B thread B, however might be waiting to access object P object P is locked by thread A Neither thread can ever progress unless some outside thread forces a break in the deadlock
	has example in real life gridlock
	is a kind of deadlock or livelock
	is a subtopic of 10.5 - Defects in Timing and Co-Ordination: Deadlock, Livelocks and Critical Races
	can appear as a hung system where the system is not consuming CPU time
	may not hang a system
deadlock or livelock	has black-box testing strategy Vary the time consumption of different threads by giving them differing amounts of input, or running them on hardware that varies in speed Run a large number of threads concurrently Deliberately deny resources to one or more threads (e.g. temporarily cut a network connection, or make a file unreadable)
	has testing strategy inspecting to detect such defects, rather than testing alone
	is a kind of failure
	is a subtopic of 10.5 - Defects in Timing and Co-Ordination: Deadlock, Livelocks and Critical Races
	can be caused by over-use of locking
	can be detected by glass-box testing since you can actually study the progress and states of the various threads
	may occur as a result of unusual combinations of conditions that are hard to anticipate or reproduce
	should be tested for by a person with a background in real-time systems who can apply his or her knowledge and experience to best anticipate typical defects
deaf user	is a kind of user with a disability
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
	needs a program that does not depend on sound output
decision-making statement	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
declaration	is a kind of programming language construct
	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
decreasing coupling	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
	is an instance of design principle
	means decreasing the number of dependencies between packages as much as possible
default	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
default multiplicity	is one in a UML diagram
	is a kind of multiplicity in a UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	does not require a symbol to be drawn in a UML diagram
defect	has definition A flaw in any aspect of the system including the requirements, the design or the code, that contributes, or may potentially contribute, to the occurrence of one or more failures
	has example the absence of code to handle an exception
	is a kind of problem
	is a subtopic of 10.1 - Basic Definitions
	is a synonym of bug
defect in a numerical algorithm	is a kind of defect
	is a subtopic of 10.4 - Defects in Numerical Algorithms
defect in an ordinary algorithm	is a kind of defect
	is a subtopic of 10.4 - Defects in Numerical Algorithms
defect in handling peak loads or missing resources	has definition A defect that occurs when a computer cannot gracefully handle peak loads or missing resources
	has testing strategy deny the program under test the resources it normally uses, by employing such methods as deleting files, concurrently running other resource-hungry programs, making less memory available, or disconnecting the system from the network run a very large number of copies of the program being tested, all at the same time
	is a kind of defect in handling stress and unusual situations
	is a subtopic of 10.6 - Defects in Handling Stress and Unusual Situations
	occurs when a computer becomes short of resources such as memory, disk space or network bandwidth files or data are missing the system is not permitted to perform certain operations the system cannot start new threads the system runs out of space in a fixed size data structure
defect in handling stress and unusual situations	is a kind of defect
	is a subtopic of 10.6 - Defects in Handling Stress and Unusual Situations
	is only encountered when a system is being heavily used, or forced to its limits in some other way
	represents a lack of robustness
	can be detected by running the system intensively suppling the system with a very large amount of input running many copies of the system running the system on a computer or network that is busy running other systems running the system in atypical environments
defect in the process of recovering from a crash	has definition A defect that occurs when a system does not deal with hardware failures, crashes of related systems or the power being turned off
	has testing strategy kill either your program or the programs with which it communicates, at various times during execution
	is a kind of inappropriate management of resources
	is a subtopic of 10.6 - Defects in Handling Stress and Unusual Situations
defensive design	has definition Design with awareness that other components cannot be trusted
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
defining the problem	has definition A part of requirements and specification that involves narrowing down the scope of the system by determining the precise problem that needs solving
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 1.6 - Software Engineering Projects
	is part of requirements and specification
delegation	has antipatterns Overusing generalization and inheriting the method that is to be reused Instead of creating a single method in the «Delegator» that does nothing other than call a method in the «Delegate», you might consider having many different methods in the «Delegator» call the delegate's method? It would be better to ensure that only one method in the «Delegator» calls the method in the «Delegate». If many methods access the method in the «Delegate», then when it changes, you may have to change every method that accesses it a method must only accesses neighbouring classes
	has context You need an operation in a class and you realize that another class has an implementation of the operation. However, inheritance is not appropriate, either because the isa rule does not apply, or because you do not want to reuse all the methods of the other class
	has definition A pattern in which one procedure does nothing more than call another in a neighbouring class; this reduces total coupling in the system
	has forces You want to minimize development cost and complexity by reusing methods You want to reduce the linkages between classes You want to ensure that work is done in the most appropriate class
	has problem How can you most effectively make use of a method that already exists in the other class?
	has related patterns Adapter and Proxy patterns
	has solution Create a method in the «Delegator» class that does only one thing: it calls a method in a neighbouring «Delegate» class, allowing reuse of the method for which the «Delegate» has responsibility By 'neighbouring', we mean the «Delegate» is connected to the «Delegator» by an association. Normally, in order to use delegation an association should already exist between the «Delegator» and the «Delegate». This association needs only to be unidirectional from «Delegator» to «Delegate». However it may sometimes be appropriate to create a new association just so you can use delegation - provided this does not increase the overall complexity of the system.
	is a subtopic of 6.7 - The Delegation Pattern
	is an instance of design pattern
Delphi technique	has definition An approach to cost estimation in which several individuals initially make cost estimates in private, and then share their estimates to discover the discrepancies
	has procedure several individuals initially make cost estimates in private they then share their estimates to discover the discrepancies each individual repeatedly adjusts his or her estimates until a consensus is reached
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is an instance of cost estimation technique
departmental manager	is a kind of person
	is a subtopic of 11.1 - What is Project Management?
	performs activities such as hiring, building morale, and issuing the final directions
deployment	has definition The process of distributing and installing software as well as any other components of a system; deployment also includes managing the transition from any previous system
	has definition The process of distributing and installing the software and any other components of the system such as databases, special hardware etc. It also involves managing the transition from any previous system
	is a kind of process
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 1.7 - Activities Common to Software Projects
	is a subtopic of 9.4 - Software Architecture
deployment diagram	contains links between nodes that show how communication takes place
	contains nodes which represent computational units such as a computer, a processing card, a sensor or a device
	has definition A UML diagram showing hardware nodes, how they are interconnected, and what components will exist on them at run time
	is a kind of UML diagram
	is a subtopic of 5.1 - What is UML?
	shows where various instances of components reside at run time
deprecate	has definition To declare that a component should not be used in subsequent designs, but remains available to support existing designs that incorporate it
	is a kind of action
	is a subtopic of 3.2 - Incorporating Reusability and Reuse Into Software Engineering
derived class	is the name for subclass in C++
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of 2.5 - Organizing Classes Into Inheritance Hierarchies
	is a synonym of subclass
design	determines how components will be implemented in a system
	has definition The problem-solving process whose objective is to find and describe a way to implement the system's functional requirements, while respecting the constraints imposed by the non-functional requirements, and while adhering to general principles of good quality
	has goals Increasing profit by reducing cost and increasing revenue Ensuring that we actually conform with the requirements, thus solving the customers' problems Accelerating development, which helps reduce short-term costs, and may also ensure the software reaches the market soon enough to effectively compete Increasing qualities such as usability, efficiency, reliability, maintainability, and reusability which can help reduce costs and also increase revenues
	has part detailed design
	has part modelling
	has part programming
	has part software architecture^2
	has part systems engineering
	has part user interface design
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	requires considerable experience
	see also design^2
Design and Use of Software Architectures	has author Jan Bosch
	has ISBN number 0-201-67494-7
	is a subtopic of 9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References
	is an instance of software architecture book
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 2000
design by contract	has definition An approach to design in which each method has a contract with its callers regarding preconditions, postconditions and invariants
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
Design by Contract: The Lessons of Ariane	has author J-M. Jézéquel and B. Meyer
	has date January 1997
	has publication IEEE Computer, Vol. 30, No. 2
	has URL www.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/contract/ariane/page.html
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of article about software failures
design decision	causes other new issues to be raised
	has definition A decision made in the process of design which involves listing design options, evaluating them according to pre-determined criteria, and choosing the alternative that has the best cost-benefit trade-off
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	is made by the designer using all the knowledge at his or her disposal, including: Knowledge of the requirements Knowledge of the design as created so far Knowledge of the technology available Knowledge of software design principles and 'best practices' Knowledge about what has worked well in the past
	can be made by using these steps: List and describe the alternatives for the design decision List the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative with respect to your objectives and priorities Determine whether any of the alternatives prevents you from meeting one or more of the objectives. If it does, you may have to rule it out. However, if none of the alternatives permits you to meet your objectives, you may have to adjust your objectives or else go back to earlier design decisions Choose the alternative that helps you to best meet your objectives. If several alternatives seems equally good in terms of the objectives, then use the priorities to decide among them Adjust your priorities for subsequent decision making. If you know you have already met your objectives for some aspects of quality, then you can increase the priority of the other qualities, for which you have not met your objectives
design document	allows a group of people to review the design and therefore to improve it
	contains every design decision along with the reasoning that went into making the decision
	describes the priorities used to guide the design process
	describes what system or part of the system this design document describes
	discusses the important issues that had to be resolved, the possible alternatives that were considered, the final decision and the rationale for the decision
	ensures traceability by making reference to the requirements that are being implemented by this design
	forces a designer to be explicit and to consider the important issues before starting implementation
	has definition Documentation produced as a result of the design process
	has purpose to encourage designers to make good design decisions to communicate the design to others
	has suggested structure purpose general priorities outline of the design major design issues other details of the design
	includes a high-level description (or diagram) of the design that allows the reader to quickly get a general feeling for it
	includes the information its readers need to learn
	includes the rationale for the design which allows the reader to better understand the design, helps reviewers to determine whether good decisions were made, and helps the maintainers determine how to change the design
	is a kind of document
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	makes reference to the requirements that are being implemented by this design
	see also design
	should be written for Those who will be implementing the design, i.e. the programmers Those who will need, in the future, to modify the design Those who need to create systems or subsystems that interface with the system being designed
	should not include information that would be readily obvious to a skilled programmer or designer details in a design document that would be better placed as comments in the code details that can be extracted automatically from the code, such as the list of public methods
design issue	has definition A sub-problem of an overall design problem
	is a kind of problem
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	is resolved when the designer makes a design decision
	may not have a single best alternative - several different alternatives may have opposite advantages and disadvantages
	usually has several alternative solutions, also known as design options
design option	has definition An alternative solution to a design issue
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
design pattern	has antipatterns zero or more antipatterns - solutions that are inferior or do not work in this context with the reason for their rejection
	has context a context
	has definition A pattern useful for the design of software
	has forces one or more forces
	has name
	has problem a sentence or two explaining the main difficulty being tackled
	has references one or more references which indicate who developed or inspired a pattern
	has related patterns zero or more related design patterns
	is a kind of pattern
	is a subtopic of 6.1 - Introduction to Patterns
design pattern developer	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	should not write patterns for others to use until he or she has considerable experience both in software design and in the use of patterns
	should refine patterns iteratively and have then peer reviewed at each iteration
design pattern	should be illustrated using a simple diagram
	should be written using a narrative writing style
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software	has author E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, and J. Vlissides
	has ISBN number 0-201-63361-2
	is a subtopic of 6.15 - Using Design Patterns - References
	is an instance of book about design patterns
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 1994
design principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
design space	has definition The space of possible design options
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
design specification	is a synonym of requirements specification
designer	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 1.7 - Activities Common to Software Projects
	makes design decision
	can create skeletons for the files that will contain the code
	can learn from studying patterns
	can use cost-benefit analysis to choose among alternatives
	may also be a programmer
	must find ways to reduce costs and increase benefits
	should not design large systems until she has experienced a wide variety of software development projects
	should study designs of other systems, including designs that have been found to be bad
designing for flexibility	involves actively anticipating changes that a design may have to undergo in the future and preparing for them
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is an instance of design principle
	can be accomplished by Reducing coupling and increasing cohesion which allows you to more readily replace part of a system Creating abstractions - this allows new extensions to be easily added Not hard-coding anything Using reusable code and making code reusable
designing for portability	has goal the ability to have the software run on as many platforms as possible
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is an instance of design principle
	can be accomplished by avoiding the use of facilities that are specific to one particular environment
designing for testability	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is an instance of design principle
	can be accomplished by ensuring that all the functionality of the code can by driven by an external program, bypassing a graphical user interface
Designing Maintainable Software	has author Dennis D. S
	has ISBN number 0-387-98783-5
	is a subtopic of 9.9 - Architecting and designing software - References
	is an instance of software architecture book
	was published by Springer Verlag
	was published in 1999
Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity	has author J. Nielsen
	has ISBN number 1-56205-810-X
	is a subtopic of 7.9 - Focusing on Users and Their Tasks - References
	is an instance of book about user interfaces and usability
	was published by New Riders
	was published in 2000
destroying instances	is a kind of responsibility
	is a subtopic of 5.8 - The Process Of Developing Class Diagrams
	is often omitted from from a model because the presence of such responsibilities can largely be inferred from the class diagram
	often requires collaboration with some other class
detailed design	has definition The design of the internals of individual subsystems
	involves deciding on data structures, classes, algorithms and procedures to be used
	is a kind of design
	is a subtopic of 1.7 - Activities Common to Software Projects
	is part of design
deterioration	has definition The tendency of software to accumulate defects as time passes due to errors being made during maintenance
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 1.1 - The Nature of Software
developer testing	has definition Preliminary testing performed by the people who do the design and programming
	is a kind of testing performed by software engineers
	is a subtopic of 10.9 - Strategies for Testing Large Systems
development	has definition A process used to develop software
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of 11.2 - Software Process Models
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
	is a synonym of software engineering process
development effort	is a synonym of effort
development manager	is a synonym of project manager
development process to be used	has example certain approaches to testing
	is a kind of non-functional requirement
	is a subtopic of 4.5 - Types of Requirements
diagram	has advantages it conveys or summarizes complex concepts or mechanisms more easily than other techniques
	has problems can be hard for users to interact with or interpret not usable by blind people it can be expensive to program diagram drawing software
	is a kind of coding technique
	is a kind of representation
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
	should have a label if its meaning is not obvious, using a caption or pop-up label that appears when the user moves the mouse over it
dialog	has definition A specific window with which a user can interact, but which is not the main UI window
	is a kind of window
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
	is a synonym of dialog box
dialog box	is a synonym of dialog
dialog^2	has definition The back-and-forth interaction between user and computer
	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 7.4 - The Basics of User Interface Design
direction for reading text	has localization issues Text in some languages runs left to right or top to bottom. Laying out screens so they can automatically accommodate this is a challenge
	is a kind of locale-dependent feature
	is a subtopic of 7.5 - Usability Principles
discipline	is a kind of subject
	is a subtopic of 1.2 - What is Software Engineering?
discriminator	has definition A label on a generalization that describes the criteria used to specialize a superclass into two or more subclasses
	has example in a zoology program, animals can be divided up by habitat into aquatic and land ones, or by type of food, into carnivores and herbivores.
	is a kind of label
	is a subtopic of 5.3 - Associations and Multiplicity
	can be thought of as an attribute that will have a different value in each subclass
distributed architecture	facilitates designing for flexibility because distributed systems can often be easily reconfigured by adding extra servers or clients and clients and servers can be developed by competing organizations, giving the customer a choice
	facilitates divide and conquer since dividing the system into processes is a very strong way to divide the system up
	increases abstraction because separate distributed components are often good abstractions
	increases reuse because it is often possible to find suitable frameworks on which to build good distributed systems
	is a kind of software architecture
	is a subtopic of 9.5 - Architectural Patterns
	reduces coupling since there is usually only one communication channel between distributed components although you have to watch out for control coupling
distributed system	has definition A system in which computations are performed by separate programs that co-operate to perform the task of the system as a whole
	is vulnerable to privacy invasions of its users by gathering data about people as they use network-based programs or by actively intercepting communications
	is a kind of system
	is a subtopic of 3.4 - The Client-Server Architecture
	is divided up into clients and servers
distributed system developer	is a kind of software developer
	is a subtopic of 3.11 - Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology - References
	must not violate the privacy of users by gathering data about people as they use network-based programs or by actively intercepting communications unless users have consented to the release of their private information
	should never develop harmful programs such as viruses or Trojan horses or hack into systems
divide and conquer	has benefits Separate people can work on each part. The original development work can therefore be done in parallel An individual software engineer can specialize in his or her component and become expert at it Each individual component is smaller, and therefore easier to understand When one part needs to be replaced or changed, it can hopefully be done without having to replace or extensively change other parts
	has definition The principle of dividing something large into smaller units, so it can be dealt with more easily
	is a subtopic of 11.3 - Cost Estimation
	is a subtopic of 9.2 - Principles Leading to Good Design
	is an instance of design principle
DLL	is a subtopic of 9.1 - The Process of Design
	is an abbreviation for dynamic link library
	is an instance of abbreviation
DMOZ Open Directory on software testing	has URL dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Software_Testing
	is a subtopic of 10.14 - Testing and Inspecting to Ensure High Quality - References
	is an instance of web site about software testing
do	is a subtopic of The Basics of Java
	is an instance of Java keyword
document	has definition Anything written that that describes software
	is a kind of representation
	is a subtopic of 9.6 - Writing a Good Design Document
	should be written for a particular audience
documentation	has purpose to document decisions and to communicate them to others
	includes requirements, designs, user documentation, instructions for testers and project plans
	is a kind of representation
	is a subtopic of 1.8 - The Eight Themes Emphasized in this Book
	will not be read if it is excessively voluminous, poorly written or not made readily available
	can be a source of rigidity in software development unless it is managed appropriately
	can entrench poorly made decisions that are hard to change
	can waste resources if it is never read
documentation defect	has definition A defect in a user manual, reference manual or on-line help that gives incorrect information or fails to give information relevant to a problem
	has testing strategy Examine all the end-user documentation (in both paper and on-line forms), making sure it is correct Make sure it has correct solutions to problems that users might encounter, and correct instructions to help beginners learn how to use the software Work through the use cases, making sure that each of then is adequately explained to the user
	is a kind of defect
	is