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Glossary

<=>: The truth-functional connective of bi-implication
=>: The truth-functional connective of implication
above: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. (above ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is above ?OBJ2
AbsoluteValueFn: The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER
Abstract: Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment
AbstractionFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class
AdditionFn: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these numbers
Address: A GeographicArea with definite boundaries and of relatively small size. This concept represents the state of 'being at an address'
adjacent: (adjacent ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2 with no other structure of the same kind intervening. This Predicate covers the following relations: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to
Adjective: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects
Adult: The stage of an Animal when it has developed secondary sex characteristics and has reached the end of its growth phase
Adverb: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes
AestheticJudgement: A Proposition expressing matters of taste, style, beauty, etc
age: Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the Object
AgeGroup: A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the same age
agent: (agent ?ACTION ?AGENT) means that the Agent ?AGENT voluntarily initiates ?ACTION. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple
Agent: Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world
Aggressive: The Attribute of having an aggressive disposition
Alga: A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue
along: (along ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Object ?OBJ1 shares the area of ?OBJ2 at least as far the extension of one dimension is concerned
Ampere: SI ElectricCurrentMeasure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) Newton per Meter of length
Amphibian: A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs
Amu: Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope
AnatomicalStructure: A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism
and: The truth-functional connective of conjunction
Angstrom: The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. 1 Angstrom = 10^(-10)
AngularDegree: A PlaneAngleMeasure
Anhydrous: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object does not contain any Water
AnimacyProperty: Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is alive or not
Animal: An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic Pigments
AntisymmetricRelation: BinaryRelation ?REL is an AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation
Arachnid: A Class of Arthropods that includes Ticks and Spiders
ArcCosineFn: (ArcCosineFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc cosine of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. It is the inverse of CosineFn
Archaeon: Archaea are characterized by: 1. the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs, 2. the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls, 3. the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits, and 4. their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble Bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication
ArcSineFn: (ArcSineFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc sine of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. It is the inverse of SineFn
ArcTangentFn: (ArcTangentFn ?NUMBER) returns the arc tangent of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. It is the inverse of TangentFn
Arranging: The Class of IntentionallyCausedProcesses where the order of Objects in a Collection is altered
Arthropod: A Class of Invertebrate that includes Arachnids and Insects
Artifact: An Object with separable parts that is the product of an IntentionalProcess
AsexualReproduction: Asexual Processes of biological reproduction
Asleep: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are sleeping
AssignmentFn: If F is a function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then the term (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) denotes the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined
AssociativeFunction: A BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3
AsymmetricRelation: A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation
Atom: An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus
AtomGram: MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance
AtomicNucleus: The core of the Atom. It is composed of Protons and Neutrons
Attaching: A Process where the agent attaches one thing to something else. Note that this is different from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location
attribute: (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red)
Attribute: Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object
authors: (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of 'Murder on the Orient Express'
Awake: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are neither Unconscious nor Asleep
Bacterium: A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic Microorganism
Battle: A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Competition
Becquerel: SI ActivityMeasure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(-1)
before: (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline
beforeEq: (beforeEq ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline
BeginFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins
behind: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the front/back schema. (behind ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is behind ?OBJ2
believes: The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA
below: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. (below ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is below ?OBJ2
Betting: A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game
between: (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3
BinaryFunction: The Class of Functions that require two arguments
BinaryNumber: Elements from the number system with base 2. Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0
BinaryPredicate: A Predicate relating two items - its valence is two
BinaryRelation: BinaryRelations map instances of a Class to instances of another Class. BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems
BiologicallyActiveSubstance: A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism
BiologicalProcess: A NonintentionalProcess embodied in an Organism
BiologicalProperty: Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism or parts of an Organism
Bird: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers
Birth: The Process of being born
birthTime: A BinaryPredicate that specifies, at any level of resolution, the TimePosition at which a particular Organism was born
Bit: One Bit of information. A one or a zero
Bitter: The Attribute of Objects that are bitter-tasting
Blood: A fluid present in Animals that transports Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts
Blue: The Attribute of being blue in color
BodyJunction: The place where two AnatomicalStructures meet or connect
BodyMotion: Any Motion where the patient is a BodyPart
BodyPart: A collection of Cells and Tissues which are localized to a specific area and carry out one or more specialized functions of an Organism. The instances of this Class range from gross structures to small components of complex Organs
BodySubstance: Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by the body. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid
Book: A Text that has pages and is bound
Borrowing: The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest)
BreakabilityProperty: A subclass of Attributes for characterizing the breakability of CorpuscularObjects
Breathing: The Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two
BritishThermalUnit: An EnergyMeasure
Building: The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house Humans and their Activities
Buying: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical
Byte: One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits
Calorie: A Calorie is an EnergyMeasure
Candela: SI LuminosityIntensityMeasure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 Watt per Steradian
capability: (capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in Processes of type ?PROCESS
CardinalityFn: (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the Class or Collection ?CLASS
CaseRole: The Class of Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain
causes: The causation relation between situations or propositions. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the state of affairs expressed by ?PROCESS1 brings about the state of affairs expressed by ?PROCESS2
CeilingFn: (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER
Cell: The fundamental structural and functional unit of living Organisms
CellWall: The permeable wall that encloses the Cells of most Organisms
CellWallNonRigid: A type of CellWall found in Animals
CellWallRigid: A type of CellWall found in Plants
Celsius: A ThermodynamicTemperatureMeasure. Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 degrees Kelvin while it is 0 degrees Celsius. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.1
Centimeter: Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Mete
CentUnitedStates: A CurrencyMeasure. 1 US cent = 10^-2 US dollars
ChangeOfPossession: The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another
Character: The smallest unit of a writing system or any other representational system
Chlamydia: An Organism which is intermediate in size and complexity between a Virus and a Bacterium and which is parasitic within the cells of Insects and Ticks
citizen: (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION
Class: Class generalizes Set. Classes, like Sets, are collections of things. Accordingly, the notion of membership is generalized as well - a member of a Class is an instance the Class. Classes can differ from Sets in two important respects. First, Classes that are not explicitly identified as Sets are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves
Cleaning: The Class of Processes where undesirable Substances and/or Microorganisms are removed from an Object
closedOn: A BinaryFunction is closed on a Class if it is defined for all instances of the Class and its value is always an instance of the Class
Closing: The Class of Processes where an aperture is closed in an Object
CognitiveAgent: A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents
ColdBloodedVertebrate: Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated
Collection: Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep
Coloring: The subclass of SurfaceAlteration where a ColorProperty of the patient is altered
ColorProperty: The Class of Attributes relating to the color of Objects
Combining: A Process where two or more things are combined into a single thing
Committing: Instances of this Class commit the sender to some future course. Example: Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm
Communication: A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two Agents via a ContentBearingObject
CommutativeFunction: A BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2
Comparing: The Class of MentalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities
Competition: A Process where the agent and patient are Agents who are trying to defeat one another. The Agents need not be CognitiveAgents. For example, the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment would be instances of Competition
CompetitionProperty: A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to participants in a Competition. Some of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, struggling, etc
ComplementFn: The complement of a given Class C is the Class of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a Class C just in case it is not an instance of C
completelyFills: (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Hole ?HOLE fills some part of the Object ?OBJ. Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)
ComplexNumber: A Number that consists of two components: a RealNumber and the ImaginaryNumber
component: A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare material and piece, which are also subrelations of part
ComputerProgram: A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer
Concealing: The Class of Processes where something is moved out of view
Confining: The Class of Securing Processes where the patient is Human and is kept against his/her will. This covers imprisonment, being jailed, held in custody, etc
connected: (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2
connectedEngineeringComponents: This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection
connects: The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
connectsEngineeringComponents: connectsEngineeringComponents is a TernaryPredicate that maps from an EngineeringConnection to the EngineeringComponents it connects. Since EngineeringComponents cannot be connected to themselves and there cannot be an EngineeringConnection without a connectedEngineeringComponents Predicate, the second and third arguments of any connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be distinct for any given first argument
ConsciousnessProperty: Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is conscious
considers: (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA
ConstantQuantity: A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities)
Constructing: The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built
contains: Limits, bounds, confines, encloses or circumscribes - the surrounding relation for Objects. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the interior of ?OBJ1 wholly surrounds ?OBJ2
containsInformation: A subrelation of represents. This predicate relates a ContentBearingObject to the Proposition that is expressed by the ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content
ContentBearingObject: Any Object that expresses information
ContentDevelopment: A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is transcribed or created anew
Contest: A Competition in which the Agents are CognitiveAgents. More specifically, the Agents are aware at some level that there is a prize at stake in the Competition
ContinuousFunction: Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised
Contract: A Promise where something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise
contraryProperty: Means that the two arguments are properties that are opposed to one another, e.g. Pliable versus Rigid
cooccur: (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with
Cooking: The Making of an instance of Food
Cooperation: The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal
copy: relates an Object to an exact copy of the Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location
Corporation: An Organization that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit
CorpuscularObject: A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole
CosineFn: (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle
CoulombFn: SI ElectricChargeMeasure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A
Counting: The Class of MentalProcesses that involve enumerating the instances of a Class or the members of a Collection
Covering: The Class of Processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else
Creation: The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole
crosses: (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it
Cup: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint
Cutting: The subclass of Detaching Processes which involve a relatively sharp instrument
Damaging: The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended
Damp: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains a relatively large amount of Water
Dancing: Any BodyMotion of Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music
date: A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process
Day: The Class of all calendar Days
DayDuration: Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours
DayFn: A BinaryFunction that maps a number and a Month to the corresponding Day of the Month. For example, (DayFn 18 (MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912
Dead: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are not alive
Death: The Process of dying
deathTime: A BinaryPredicate that specifies, at any level of resolution, the TimePosition at which a particular Organism died
Declaring: The Class of Communications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating
Decoding: Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers
Decorating: The act of modifying or embellishing something with the aim of making it more aesthetically pleasing
Deducing: The Class of Learning Processes which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true
DenominatorFn: (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER
DensityFn: A very general FunctionQuantity. DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this combination of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Kilogram) (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 kilograms per liter
desires: (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude
destination: (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John
Destruction: The subclass of Process in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed
Detaching: A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that this is different from Removing in that neither of the two things which are detached may be removed from the location where it was attached
developmentalForm: (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively
DevelopmentalProperty: Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism
Device: A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific type of task
DiagnosticProcess: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome
diameter: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of a circular Object from side to side
Directing: Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. Example: The 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group
direction: (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North
DirectionAttribute: Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, the compass directions, etc
DirectionChange: The act of changing the direction in which the patient of the act is oriented
DiseaseOrSyndrome: A PathologicProcess which alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs
disjoint: Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty
disjointDecomposition: A disjointDecomposition of a Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint
distance: (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT
distributes: A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3
DivisionFn: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 = 1, in which case (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2
Docile: The Attribute of having a docile disposition
documentation: A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation
DollarUnitedStates: A CurrencyMeasure
domain: Provides a computationally and heuristically convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. The formula (domain ?REL 3 ?CLASS) says that the 3rd element of each tuple in the relation ?REL is an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argument types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. If the restriction on the argument type of a Relation is not captured by a Class already defined in the ontology, one can specify a Class compositionally with the functions UnionFn, IntersectionFn, etc
DomainFn: The domain of a BinaryRelation ?REL is the Class of all things that bear ?REL to something
domainSubclass: Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of Predicates. The formula (domainSubclass ?REL 3 ?CLASS) says that the 3rd element of each tuple in the relation ?REL is a subclass of ?CLASS
Dressing: The act of putting clothing on an Animal
Drinking: The Process by which liquid Food is incorporated into an Animal
Dry: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains a relatively small amount of Water
Drying: The Class of Processes where water is removed from an Object
duration: (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical
during: (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2
earlier: (earlier INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that INTERVAL1 ends before INTERVAL2 begins
East: The compass direction of East
Eating: The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal
EducationalOrganization: A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities
EducationalProcess: A Process related to the organization and provision of education
effector: (effector ?ACTION ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?ACTION, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the effector of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline
Electron: SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge
ElectronVolt: The ElectronVolt is an EnergyMeasure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum
element: (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set
EmbryonicStructure: An AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is fully formed. In Mammals, for example, a structure that exists only prior to the birth of the organism. This structure may be normal or abnormal
Emitting: Processes in which something is given off by something else
EmittingLight: The subclass of Emitting in which light is given off. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering
EmittingSmell: The subclass of Emitting in which smells are given off. Some examples include reeking, smelling, and stinking
EmittingSound: The subclass of Emitting in which sound is given off. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling
EmotionalState: The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms (and perhaps other Agents). Note that EmotionalState is distinguished from TraitProperty in part by the fact that instances of the former are relatively transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up
employs: (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation
Encoding: Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message
EndFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends
EngineeringComponent: A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an EngineeringElement that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity
EngineeringComponentFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a Terminal to its corresponding EngineeringComponent
EngineeringConnection: An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents
EngineeringElement: An EngineeringElement is any element that is used in the construction of a Device
engineeringSubcomponent: (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other
entails: The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF
Entity: The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology
Enzyme: A complex Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases
equal: (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2
EquivalenceRelation: A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation
equivalenceRelationOn: A BinaryRelation is an equivalenceRelationOn a Class only if the relation is reflexiveOn the Class and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation
equivalentContentClass: A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)
equivalentContentInstance: A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2)
EthnicGroup: A GroupOfPeople whose members originate from the same Region or share the same Language and/or cultural practices
EvenInteger: An Integer that is evenly divisible by 2
exactlyLocated: The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located
ExerciseProcess: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of exercise
exhaustiveDecomposition: An exhaustiveDecomposition of a Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition - a partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.
existant: This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. The constants located and existant are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively
experiencer: (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike effector, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments
exploits: (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations agent and resource
ExponentiationFn: (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT
Expressing: Instances of this Class express a state of the sender. Example: Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her
ExtensionFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute
False: The TruthValue of being false
FamilyGroup: A GroupOfPeople whose members bear familyRelations to one another
familyRelation: A very general Predicate for biological relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor
Farad: SI CapacitanceMeasure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2
father: The general relationship of fatherhood. (father ?FATHER ?CHILD) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD
Female: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is female in nature
Few: Useful for contextual assessment of number. Note that a formula containing this Class cannot be converted into a precise numeric range. For example, compare 'few books on the table' (perhaps there are three books) and 'few eritrocytes in your blood' (this might mean there are 3 million per part)
FieldOfStudy: An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content
Fillable: Something is Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled
fills: Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled
FinancialTransaction: A Transaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for something else
finishes: (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1
FiniteSet: A Set containing a finite number of elements
Fish: A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish
FloorFn: (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER
Food: Any Object containing Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living Organism and metabolized into energy and body tissue
Foot: English length unit of feet
Formula: A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language
Fragile: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is very breakable
frequency: (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME
front: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the front/back schema. (front ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is in front of ?OBJ2
FullyFormedAnatomicalStructure: An AnatomicalStructure in a fully formed Organism. In Mammals, for example, it would be a structure in the body after the birth of the Organism
Function: A Function is a term-forming Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with exactly one range element. Note that the range is a Class, and each element of the range is an instance of the Class
FunctionQuantity: A FunctionQuantity is a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity mapping values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions with a fixed arity. Note too that all elements of the range of a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself
Fungus: A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of a CellWallRigid. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms
FutureFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity
Game: A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game
Gas: An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
GeneralizedIntersectionFn: A UnaryFunction that takes a Class of Classes as its single argument and returns a Class which is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original Class, i.e. the Class containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original Class
GeneralizedUnionFn: A UnaryFunction that takes a Class of Classes as its single argument and returns a Class which is the merge of all of the Classes in the original Class, i.e. the Class containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original Class
GeographicArea: A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a Region of land of significant size
Getting: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole
GigaHertz: Multiple of Hertz. Symbol: GHz. A FrequencyMeasure equal to one billion times per SeconDuration. 1 GigaHertz = 10^9 Hertz
Giving: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something
Gland: An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them
Government: The ruling body of a Nation or one of the subOrganizations of a Nation
Graduation: The IntentionalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization
Gram: Submultiple of Kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 Kilogram = 1000 Grams
Gray: SI AbsorbedDoseMeasure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per Kilogram. Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)
greaterThan: (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2
greaterThanOrEqualTo: (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2
GreatestCommonDivisorFn: (GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER
Grooming: The subclass of Process where parts of an Organism are arranged in a socially pleasing manner. Some examples are shaving, brushing, combing, etc
Group: A Collection of Animals or Humans, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop
GroupOfPeople: A Group consisting exclusively of Humans
Growth: The Process of biological development in which an Organism changes its form or its size
Guiding: Controlling the direction and/or speed of a CorpuscularObject. This includes aiming a gun or arrow, navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc
hasPurpose: This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on
hasPurposeForAgent: Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this Predicate
hasSkill: Similar to the capability Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree
Hearing: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory Organ
height: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from its lowest point to its highest point
Henry: SI InductanceMeasure. Symbol: H. One Henry is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2)
Hertz: SI FrequencyMeasure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1)
Holding: The Class of Processes where the agent maintains physical contact with something for an extended period of time
holds: (holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of the Relation P
holdsDuring: (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a temporalPart of ?TIME
holdsObligation: Expresses a relationship between a subclass of Process and an Agent whereby the Agent has the obligation to perform exactly one instance of the Process type specified, i.e. to be an agent of just one instance of the Process type
holdsRight: Expresses a relationship between a subclass of Process and an Agent whereby the Agent has the right to perform at least one instance of the Process type specified, i.e. to be an agent of at least one instance of the Process type
hole: (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is an fillable body located at the surface an Object
Hole: A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts
Horizontal: Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object
Hormone: In Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the Class PharmacologicSubstance. Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones
Hour: The Class of all clock Hours
HourDuration: Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes
HourFn: A BinaryFunction that maps a number and a Day to the corresponding Hour of the Day. For example, (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))) denotes the 14th hour, i.e. 2 PM, on the 18th day of August 1912
HourIntervalFn: A BinaryFunction that maps two numbers to the Class of TimeIntervals that begin at the hour corresponding to the first number and that end at the hour corresponding to the second number. For example, (HourIntervalFn 6 12) returns the set of TimeIntervals that begin at 6 AM every day and that end at 12 noon every day. If necessary, we will define other interval functions for seconds, minutes, days, and/or months
Human: Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus
Icon: This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic roadway signs, 'icons' in a graphical computer operating system, etc
Identifying: The Class of Learning Processes which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Identifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former covers only those cases involving the assignment of a label or category
identityElement: An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST
IdentityFn: The value of the identity function is just its argument
ImaginaryNumber: The square root of -1
ImaginaryPartFn: (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the imaginary part of ?NUMBER
ImmediateFutureFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately follows the TimePosition
ImmediatePastFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately precedes the TimePosition
Impacting: The Class of Processes where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc
Impelling: The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc
Inch: English length unit of inches
Increasing: Any Process where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is decreased
Increasing: Any Process where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is increased
Ingesting: The Process by which Food is incorporated into an Animal
inhabits: A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM
inhibits: A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances
Injuring: A traumatic wound or injury caused by an external agent or force. Since no injury is possible without some biologic function which affects the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess
inScopeOfInterest: A very general Predicate. (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY
Insect: A Class of Arthropods that is distinguished by its body appearance
instance: An object is an instance a Class if it is a member of that Class. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness
instrument: (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair
Integer: A negative or nonnegative whole number
IntegerSquareRootFn: (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER
IntentionalProcess: A Process that is deliberately set in motion by a CognitiveAgent
IntentionalRelation: The Class of Relations between an Agent and an Entity, where the Relation requires that the Agent have awareness of the Entity
interiorPart: (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2
IntersectionFn: A BinaryFunction that maps two %Classes to the intersection of these Classes. An object is an instance of the intersection of two Classes just in case it is an instance of both of those Classes
IntransitiveRelation: A BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3
inverse: The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped
Invertebrate: An Animal which has no SpinalColumn
Investigating: The subclass of Searching where the thing sought is a piece of information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula)
irreflexiveOn: A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a Class only if no instance of the Class bears the relation to itself
IrreflexiveRelation: Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST
Joule: SI EnergyMeasure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2)
JudgementOfEtiquette: A Proposition expressing the proper manner of doing something
Junction: An interface between two EngineeringElements that have different electrical characteristics
JunctionFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a Terminal to its corresponding Junction
KappaFn: A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the Class of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the Class of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it
Keeping: The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time
Kelvin: SI ThermodynamicTemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). It is defined as follows: the Kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
Killing: The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases
KiloByte: One KiloByte (K) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system
Kilogram: SI MassMeasure. Symbol: kg. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also the basic unit of mass in the MKS system), and it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the Kilogram
KiloHertz: Multiple of Hertz. Symbol: kHz. A FrequencyMeasure equal to one thousand times per SecondDuration. 1 KiloHertz = 10^3 Hertz
Kilometer: Multiple of Meter. Symbol: km. 1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters
KiloWatt: Multiple of Watt. Symbol: kW. A UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by TimeDuration. 1 KiloWatt = 1000 Watts
knows: The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge
Land: A Land is the GeographicArea associated with a nation. For example, the Land of Australia is the Region making up the continent of Oceania
Language: A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people
larger: (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2
Law: A codified Obligation that is imposed by a government of some sort and that is enforced with penalties for noncompliance
Learning: The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information
LeastCommonMultipleFn: (LeastCommonMultipleFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER
left: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the left/right schema. (left ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is to the left ?OBJ2
LegalAction: Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something from another CognitiveAgent through a court of law
Lending: The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest)
length: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from one point to another point along its surface
LengthMeasure: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length
lessThan: (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2
lessThanOrEqualTo: (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the Quantity ?NUMBER2
LinguisticExpression: This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjectss which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words
Liquid: An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape
Liter: Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l
Living: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are alive
located: A very general predicate. (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is situated at ?OBJ, in some sense. The Predicates located and existant are spatial and temporal predicates, respectively
LogFn: (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT
Lumen: SI LuminousFluxMeasure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1
Lux: SI IlluminanceMeasure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd
Machine: Machines are Devices which are self-powered, i.e. their energy does not come from the exercion of Humans or Animals
MagnitudeFn: The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity
Maintaining: The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object
Making: The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made
Male: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is male in nature
Mammal: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands
Managing: OccupationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others
Maneuver: An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is part of a strategy for winning the larger Contest of which the Maneuver is a part
manner: (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition
Manufacture: The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale
Many: Useful for contextual assessment of number. Note that this cannot be converted into a precise numeric range. For example, compare 'many books on the table' (perhaps there are twelve books) and 'many eritrocytes in your blood' (this might mean there are 8 million per part)
MassMeasure: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object
material: (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, a particular instance of plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Note that material is a relation between two instances. If one wants to say that a CorpuscularObject is made up of a subclass of Substance, two assertions are necessary. For example, to say that my computer monitor is made out of the Substance plastic, one would write: (instance ThisPlastic Plastic) and (material ThisPlastic MyComputer). Compare 'component' and 'piece', which are also subrelations of part
MaxFn: (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, MaxFn returns one of its arguments
measure: A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance of the Function MeasureFn
MeasureFn: This BinaryFunction maps a RealNumber and a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is used for expressing ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is represented as (MeasureFn 3 Meter)
Measuring: The Class of Comparing Processes where the patient is compared with an instance of UnitOfMeasure to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient
Meeting: The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting
meetsSpatially: (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 overlapsSpatially the other
meetsTemporally: (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2
MegaByte: One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system
MegaHertz: Multiple of Hertz. Symbol: MHz. A FrequencyMeasure equal to one million times per SecondDuration. 1 Megahertz = 10^6 Hertz
MegaOhm: Multiple of Ohm. Electric resistance unit equal to one million Ohm. 1 MegaOhm = 10^(6) Ohms
MegaPascal: Multiple of Pascal. Symbol: MPa. A unit of pressure equal to one million Pascal. 1 MegaPascal = 10^6 Pa
member: A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock
MentalOrBehavioralDysfunction: A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations
MentalProcess: An OrganismProcess involving the mind or cognitive processing
MereologicalDifferenceFn: (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2
MereologicalProductFn: (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2
MereologicalSumFn: (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to either ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2
Meter: SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration
MicroOhm: Submultiple of Ohm. Electric resistance unit equal to the millionth part of an Ohm. 1 MicroOhm = 10^(-6) Ohms
Microorganism: An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
MicroVolt: Submultiple of Volt. Symbol: mV. A UnitOfMeasure for measuring electrical potential equal to one millionth of a volt. 1 MicroVolt = 10^(-6) Volt
Mile: English length unit of miles
MilliAmpere: Submultiple of Ampere. Symbol: mA. A unit of electrical current equal to one thousandth of an Ampere
MilliVolt: Submultiple of Volt. Symbol: mV. A unit of electrical potential equal to one thousandth of a Volt. 1 MilliVolt = 10^(-3) Volt
Mineral: Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum, water), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral
MinFn: (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, MinFn returns one of its arguments
Minute: The Class of all clock Minutes
MinuteDuration: Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds.
MinuteFn: A BinaryFunction that maps a number and an Hour to the corresponding Minute of the Hour. For example, (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912
Mole: SI AmountOfSubstanceUnit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles
Molecule: A Molecule is a set of Atoms that are chemically bonded together
monetaryValue: A BinaryPredicate that associates an Object with its value expressed as an instance of CurrencyMeasure
Monochromatic: An Object with this Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface
Month: The Class of all calendar Months
MonthDuration: Time unit. 1/12th of a year
MonthFn: A BinaryFunction that maps a number and a Year to the corresponding Month of the Year. For example (MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)) denotes the eighth Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912
Morpheme: Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning
mother: The general relationship of motherhood. (mother ?MOTHER ?CHILD) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD
Motion: Any Process of movement
MultiplicationFn: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product of these numbers
Music: The subclass of EmittingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately
MutuallyDisjointClass: A Class of Classes is a MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists no instance of an instance of the original Class which is an instance of all of the instances of the original Class
NanoAmpere: Submultiple of Ampere. Symbol: nA. A unit of electrical current equal to one billionth of an Ampere
NanoSecond: Submultiple of SecondDuration. Symbol: ns. A UnitOfMeasure equal to one billionth of a SecondDuration
Nation: That aspect of a Nation which can act automonously and which is the same throughout the changes in population and borders. Compare the Class Land
near: The relation of common sense adjacency without contact. (near ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is near ?OBJ2
needs: (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT
NegativeInfinity: The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints
NegativeInteger: An Integer that is less than zero
NegativeRealNumber: A RealNumber that is less than zero
Neutron: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge
Newton: SI ForceMeasure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 Kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(-2)
NonintentionalProcess: A Process that occurs irrespective of the intentions of Humans or Animals
NonnegativeInteger: An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero
NonnegativeRealNumber: A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero
NonspecificNumber: A NonspecificNumber is used to indicate quantity of items when one cannot or does not want to say exactly how many items there are
NormativeProperty: A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to judgements about morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc
NormativeProposition: A Proposition with normative content, i.e. a Proposition that contains a judgement about the way things ought to be
North: The compass direction of North
not: The truth-functional connective of negation
Noun: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Objects
NounPhrase: A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun
NullSet: The Set that contains no instances
Number: A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber and ComplexNumber (ImaginaryNumber is an instance of Number)
NumeratorFn: (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER
Nutrient: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced or required by an Organism, of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the Organism
Object: Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary physical objects. An Object is thought of as continuing through time, but at any particular time is all there is at that time, in contrast to something that is thought of as being divided into stages (contrast Process). Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes. The formal definition is that all the parts of an Object are present at the same time that the Object is; in other words, an Object cannot have 'parts' which are separated in time, such as the first and second halves of a football game. Note that the parts of an Object may change from time to time, and that every Object occupies exactly the same space and time as a Process (its lifespan). In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis
ObjectAttitude: The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical
Obligation: Propositions that an Agent is required, by some authority, to make true
OccupationalProcess: An OrganizationalProcess carried out as part of an occupation or job
occupiesPosition: (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the Position ?POSITION at Organization ?ORG. For example, (occupiesPosition TomSmith ResearchDirector AcmeLaboratory) means that TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs
OddInteger: An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2
Ohm: SI ElectricResistanceMeasure. It is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2)
on: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the up/down schema and involving contact. (on ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is on top of ?OBJ2
OneToOneFunction: The Class of UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y)
Opening: The Class of Processes where an aperture is created in an Object. Note that the aperture may be created intentionally, as when one opens a door, or unintentionally, as when the ground ruptures in a seismic event
or: The truth-functional connective of disjunction
Ordering: A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee
Organ: A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a specialized function
Organism: Generally, a living individual, including all Plants and Animals
OrganismProcess: A physiologic function of the Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple Organs or Tissues
Organization: An Organization is a corporate or similar institution, distinguished from other Agents. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that parts of Organizations should not be included here, unless they are subOrganizations of an Organization
OrganizationalProcess: An IntentionalProcess that is carried out within or by an Organization
OrganizationUnit: An Organization or a functional unit within an Organization, e.g. positions, divisions, and departments. For example, the Shell Corporation, the accounting department at Shell, the positions of CEO and mail room supervisor at Shell, etc. would all be instances of OrganizationUnit. The continued existence of an OrganizationUnit is not dependent on any of its members, its location, or its particular facility. Note that, unlike its subclass Organization, an OrganizationUnit may have no members or just one member
OrganOrTissueProcess: A PhysiologicProcess of a particular Organ or Tissue
orientation: A general Predicate for indicating how two Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned vertically with respect to ?OBJ2
origin: (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine
Ounce: English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup
overlapsPartially: (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other
overlapsSpatially: (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation
overlapsTemporally: (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the two TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a TimeInterval in common. Note that this is consistent with ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 being the same TimeInterval
PairwiseDisjointClass: A Class of Classes is a PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the Class is either equal to or disjoint from every other instance of the Class
parent: The general relationship of parenthood. (parent ?PARENT ?CHILD) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD
part: The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself
partiallyFills: (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that there is an Object ?OBJ that completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one
partialOrderingOn: A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a Class only if the relation is reflexiveOn the Class, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation
PartialOrderingRelation: A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation
Particle: An umbrella Class for any Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of Word. A Particle is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc
partition: A partition of a class C is a set of mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition
partlyLocated: The predicate of partial localization. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia. Note that this is the most basic localization relation: located and exactlyLocated are both subrelations of partlyLocated
Pascal: SI PressureMeasure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2)
PastFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity
path: (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101
PathologicProcess: A disordered process, activity, or state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects
patient: (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process
penetrates: (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth)
Perception: Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal
PersonByOccupationalRole: The Class of all CognitiveAgents who are considered with respect to an occupational role that they have
PersonBySocialRole: The Class of all CognitiveAgents who are considered with respect to a social role that they have
PharmacologicSubstance: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically
Photosynthesis: Synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, water, and light
Phrase: A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the Language
Physical: An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-tim
PhysicalQuantity: A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement
PhysicalState: The physical state of an Object. There are three instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
PhysiologicProcess: A normal process of an Organism or part of an Organism
Pi: Pi is the RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793
PicoAmpere: Submultiple of Ampere. Symbol: pA. A unit of electrical current equal to one trillionth of an Ampere
PicoSecond: Submultiple of SecondDuration. Symbol: ps. A UnitOfMeasure equal to one trillionth of a SecondDuration
piece: A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare the other subrelations of part, viz. component and material
Pigment: A coloring that is present in the Cells of Organisms
Pint: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Quart
Plan: A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time
Planning: Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives
Plant: An Organism having cellulose CellWalls, growing by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion
Pliable: The shape of an Object with this Attribute can be altered
Poisoning: A Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess
Poking: The Class of Processes where the agent brings a something long and narrow into contact with an Object and, in some cases, pierces the surface of the Object
PoliticalProcess: An OrganizationalProcess carried out by officially constituted governments or with the aim of overthrowing or modifying such a government
Polychromatic: An Object with this Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface
position: (position ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned with respect to ?OBJ2 in some way. This is a very general predicate whose main function is to serve as an umbrella for specific Predicates
Position: A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc
PositiveInfinity: The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints
PositiveInteger: An Integer that is greater than zero
PositiveRealNumber: A RealNumber that is greater than zero
possesses: Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object
PoundForce: English pound of force. The conversion factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant
PoundMass: English mass unit of pounds
precondition: A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC2 can exist or be true only if ?PROC1 exists or is true. At some point, this Predicate should probably be broken up into more specific Predicates with more restrictive domain restrictions
PredecessorFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4
Predicate: A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'
Predicting: The Class of MentalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future
PrepositionalPhrase: A Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb
Prepubescent: The stage of an Animal before it develops secondary sex characteristics
Pretending: Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples
prevents: A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances
PrimaryColor: Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors
Primate: The Class of Mammals which are Primates
PrimeNumber: An Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1
PrincipalHostFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole)
ProbabilityRelation: The Class of Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation
Procedure: A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies
Process: Intuitively, the class of things that happen rather than endure. A Process is thought of as having temporal parts or stages, and so it cannot have all these parts together at one time (contrast Object). Examples include extended 'events' such as a football match or a race, events and actions of various kinds, states of motion and lifespans of Objects, which occupy the same space and time but are thought of as having stages instead of parts. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis
Promise: A Promise where nothing is promised in return, i.e. a nudum pactum
Promise: The Class of NormativePropositions where an Agent promises to do something. Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner
properlyFills: (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense)
properPart: (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation)
property: This Predicate holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of Attribute. (property ?THING ?ATTR) means that ?THING has the Attribute ?ATTR. The two subrelations of property are attribute and manner
PropertyFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the Set of Property owned by the Agent
Proposition: Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form
PropositionalAttitude: The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a Proposition
Protein: A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Proton: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge
PsychologicalProperty: Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an Organism (and perhaps other Agents)
Pubescent: The stage of an Animal when it is developing secondary sex characteristics
PurchaseContract: A Contract between two Agents in which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in exchange for currency
Pursuing: The subclass of Searching where the thing sought is an Object. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking
Putting: The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination
Quantity: Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much)
Quart: English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a UnitedStatesGallon
QuaternaryPredicate: The Class of Predicates that require four arguments
QuaternaryRelation: QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction
Question: The class of Sentences that ask a Question
Questioning: A request for information
QuintaryPredicate: The Class of Predicates that require five arguments
QuintaryRelation: QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and QuaternaryFunction
Radian: SI PlaneAngleMeasure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1
range: Gives the range of a function. In other words, (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS
RangeFn: The range of a BinaryRelation ?REL is the Class of all things such that something bears ?REL to them
rangeSubclass: (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS
Rankine: A ThermodynamicTemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 degrees Rankine is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 degrees Kelvin)
RationalNumber: Any RealNumber that is the product of dividing two Integers
RationalNumberFn: (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER
realization: A subrelation of represents. (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem
RealNumber: Any Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position on the number line
RealNumberFn: (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber
ReciprocalFn: (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1
RecreationalProcess: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation
Red: The Attribute of redness
refers: (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc
reflexiveOn: A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a Class only if every instance of the Class bears the relation to itself
ReflexiveRelation: Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST
Region: A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself
RegulatoryProcess: an OrganizationalProcess related to the creation or enforcement of rules or regulations
relatedExternalConcept: Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source
relatedInternalConcept: Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate relatedExternalConcept
Relation: A Class of ordered tuples
RelationExtendedToQuantities: A RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension
RelativeComplementFn: A BinaryFunction that maps two Classes to the difference between these Classes. More precisely, the relative complement of one class C1 relative to another C2 consists of the instances of C1 that are instances of the ComplementFn of C2
ReligiousOrganization: An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs
ReligiousProcess: An IntentionalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization
RemainderFn: (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR
Removing: The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively
Repairing: The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly
Replication: The Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process
represents: A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing
representsForAgent: A very general predicate. (representsForAgent ?THING ?ENTITY ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use the instance of Physical ?THING to 'stand for' ?ENTITY
representsInLanguage: A very general predicate. (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the instance of Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language ?LANGUAGE
Reptile: A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of Lungs and generally lay eggs
Requesting: A request expresses a desire by the agent of the request that the destination of the request perform some future action
resource: (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that it is structurally altered in some way by the Process
result: (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house
Revealing: The Class of Processes where something is moved into view
right: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the left/right schema. (right ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is to the right ?OBJ2
Rigid: The shape of an Object with this Attribute cannot be easily altered
Rough: An Object with this Attribute has a rough surface
RoundFn: (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer
SaturationProperty: A Class of Attributes that specify, in qualitative terms, the amount of Water in a particular Object
Searching: Any Process where the aim is to find something, whether it be information (i.e. a Proposition) or an Object
Second: The Class of all clock Seconds
SecondDuration: SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom
SecondFn: A BinaryFunction that maps a number and a Minute to the corresponding Second of the Minute. For example, (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912
Securing: The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is secured in some manner, e.g. by locking it up in a strongbox
Seeing: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular Organ
Selecting: The Class of MentalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities
SelfConnectedObject: A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts
Selling: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure
Sentence: A syntactically well-formed formula of a natural or artificial Language. It expresses a complete thought, i.e., a Proposition
sentenceOfLanguage: (sentenceOfLanguage ?SENT ?LANG) means that ?SENT is a Sentence of the Language ?LANG
SententialOperator: This Class currently comprises all of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>')
SentientAgent: An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents
Separating: A Process where something is disassembled into (some of) its parts
SequenceFunction: The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers
ServiceContract: A Contract where an Agent agrees to perform a service for another Agent (usually for a price)
Set: A Class that satisfies extensionality as well as other conditions specified by some choice of set theory. Unlike Classes generally, Sets need not have an associated condition that determines their membership. Rather, they are thought of metaphorically as `built up' from some initial stock of objects by means of certain constructive operations (such as the pairing or power set operations). Note that extensionality alone is not sufficient for identifying Classes with Sets, since some Classes (e.g. Entity) cannot be assumed to be Sets without contradiction
SexProperty: Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism
SexualReproduction: Sexual Processes of biological reproduction
ShapeAlteration: The act of changing the shape of an Object
ShapeProperty: Any Attribute that characterizes the shape of an Object
Shooting: The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device
Siemens: SI ElectricConductanceMeasure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms; in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2
Sievert: SI DoseEquivalentMeasure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons-- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)
SignumFn: (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0
SineFn: (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle
singleValued: (singleValued ?REL ?INT) means that the argument position of ?REL corresponding to ?INT is single-valued, i.e. an assignment of values to the other argument positions determines a unique value for the argument position corresponding to ?INT
SkinFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see PrincipalHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected
Slug: English mass unit of slugs
smaller: (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2
Smelling: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory Organ
Smooth: An Object with this Attribute has a smooth surface
SocialInteraction: The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents
Solid: An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume
SoundProperty: Any Attribute that characterizes the sound made by an Object
South: The compass direction of South
SpatialRelation: The Class of Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations, topological relations, and positional relations
Spider: A Class of Arachnids characterized by an unsegmented abdomen, poisonous fangs, and an ability to spin thread
SpinalColumn: A flexible column made out of bones called vertebrae. The main function of the SpinalColumn is to protect the spinal cord
Sport: A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game
SquareRootFn: (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER
starts: (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2
Stating: Instances of this Class commit a sender to some truth. Example: John concluded that Peter was not present, and predicted that he would arrive soon
StationaryArtifact: A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc
Steradian: SI SolidAngleMeasure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1
Striking: The Class of Impactings that are intentionally caused by a CognitiveAgent
SubatomicParticle: The class of SubmolecularObjects that are smaller than Atoms and often compose Atoms
subAttribute: Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it
subclass: Class C is a subclass of Class P only if every instance of C is also an instance of P. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses
subCollection: (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2
SubjectiveAssessmentProperty: The Class of NormativeProperties which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time
SubmolecularObject: The Class of CorpuscularObjects that compose Molecules
subOrganizations: (subOrganizations ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a proper part of the Organization ?ORG2
subPlan: (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context
subProcess: (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process
subrelation: A Relation R is a subrelation Relation R' if R is a subclass R'. This implies that every tuple of R is also a tuple of R'. Again, if R holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then R' holds for the same arguments. Thus, a Relation and its subrelation must have the same valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds
subset: (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2
Substance: An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water
Substituting: The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else
subsumedExternalConcept: (subsumedExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower in meaning than ?STRING
subsumesContentClass: A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance
subsumesContentInstance: A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used
subsumingExternalConcept: (subsumingExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader in meaning than ?STRING
SubtractionFn: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2
successorAttribute: (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share
successorAttributeClosure: The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2
SuccessorFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6
superficialPart: (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the geometric complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn
surface: (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2
SurfaceAlteration: The act of changing the appearance of the surface of an Object
Surgery: Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess
Sweet: The Attribute of Objects that are sweet-tasting
Swimming: Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an Organism
SymbolicString: The Class of all LinguisticExpressions that are represented as strings
SymmetricRelation: A BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2
synonymousExternalConcept: (synonymousExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE
synonymousInternalConcept: (synonymousInternalConcept ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) means that the SUMO concepts ?ENTITY1 and ?ENTITY2 are distinct and yet have the same meaning
SystemeInternationalUnit: The Class of Systeme International (SI) units
TangentFn: (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle
TasteProperty: The Class of Attributes relating to the taste of Objects
Tasting: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes
temporallyBetween: (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3
temporallyBetweenOrEqual: (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint ?POINT3
temporalPart: (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL) means that TimePoint ?POINT is part of TimeInterval ?INTERVAL
TemporalRelation: The Class of temporal Relations. This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension
Terminal: The end of an EngineeringElement where signals are either transmitted or received
TerminalFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an EngineeringComponent to its corresponding Terminal
TernaryFunction: The Class of Functions that require exactly three arguments
TernaryPredicate: The Class of Predicates that require exactly three arguments
TernaryRelation: TernaryRelations relate three items. The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and BinaryFunction
Tesla: SI MagneticFluxDensityMeasure. Symbol: T. One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)
Text: A set of Sentences that express a discourse on a subject of some sort
TextureProperty: Any Attribute that characterizes the texture of an Object
TherapeuticProcess: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome
ThermodynamicTemperatureMeasure: Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing
Tick: A Class of Arachnids that attach themselves to instances of WarmBloodedVertebrate and feed off of their Blood
time: A very general TemporalRelation that specifies, at any level of resolution, the TimePosition at which a particular Object or Process exists or occurs
TimeDependentQuantity: A UnaryConstantFunction of continuous time. All instances of this Class map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time
TimeDuration: Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline
TimeInterval: An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline
TimeMeasure: The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition)
TimePoint: An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about what happens during a TimePoint, or how long the TimePoint lasts
TimePosition: Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity
Tissue: An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of Tissue as well)
totalOrderingOn: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a Class only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the Class
TotalOrderingRelation: "A BinaryRelation is a TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation and a TrichotomizingRelation
Touching: The Class of Processes where there is immediate physical contact between an Organism and another Object
ToxicOrganism: The Class of Organisms which are poisonous to other Organisms
ToxicSubstance: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance of concern because of its potentially hazardous or toxic effects. This would include most drugs of abuse, as well as agents that require special handling because of their toxicity. Most pharmaceutical agents, although potentially harmful, are excluded here and are assigned to the sibling Class PharmacologicSubstance
TraitProperty: Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an Organism
Transaction: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else
Transfer: Any instance of Motion where the agent of the Motion and the patient of the Motion are not the same thing
TransitiveRelation: A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3
Transportation: Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice
TransportationDevice: A TransportationDevice is a Device which serves as an instrument in Transportation Processes
traverses: (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and penetrates are subrelations of traverses
trichotomizingOn: A BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a Class only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the Class, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)
TrichotomizingRelation: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL
true: The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence to its TruthValue
True: The TruthValue of being true
TruthFn: The function mapping Sentences to TruthValues
TruthValue: The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences
Tying: The Process of tying two things, or two strands of the same thing, together
UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity: The class of UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity to the Class ConstantQuantity
UnaryFunction: The Class of Functions that require a single argument
Unbreakable: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object cannot be broken under ordinary circumstances
Unconscious: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are unconscious, e.g. because of a blow to the head or some other traumatic injury. Note that the Attribute Asleep is used to describe the ConsciousnessProperty of an Organism that is asleep
under: This is a cognitive primitive, derived from the up/down schema. (under ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is under ?OBJ2
UnemployedPerson: The Class of all CognitiveAgents who are unemployed
UnionFn: A BinaryFunction that maps two Classes to the union of these Classes. An object is an instance of the union of two Classes just in case it is an instance of either Class
UnitedKingdomGallon: Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom
UnitedStatesGallon: Unit of volume commonly used in the United States
UnitOfMeasure: A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrisic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system-of-units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each
Untying: The Process of untying two things, or two strands of the same thing
uses: (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument
valence: Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a VariableArityRelation
VariableArityRelation: The Class of Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments
Verb: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Processes
VerbPhrase: A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb
version: Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of Artifact and not instances
Vertebrate: An Animal which has a SpinalColumn
Vertical: Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object
ViolentContest: A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant
Virus: An Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things
Vitamin: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins
Volt: SI ElectricPotentialMeasure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1)
VolumeMeasure: Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions
Walking: Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an Organism on land for the purpose of moving from one point to another
wants: (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals
War: A military confrontation between two or more Nations or Organizations whose members are Nations. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles
WarmBloodedVertebrate: Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated
Warranty: A Contract that states the cirumstances under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty
Water: The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this Class covers both pure and impure Water
Watt: SI PowerMeasure. Aymbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3)
WealthFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings
Weber: SI MagneticFluxMeasure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)
West: The compass direction of West
Wet: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is fully saturated with Water
Wetting: The Class of Processes where Water is added to an Object
WhenFn: A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), ?THING is not existant at ?TIME
WhereFn: Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the Object exists to the Region where the Object existed at that TimePoint
width: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span
Word: A term of a Language that represents a concept
Writing: A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is expressed in a Language
Year: The Class of all calendar Years
YearDuration: Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds
YearFn: A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) denotes the Year 1912
Yellow: The Attribute of being yellow in color