performing a calculation in the wrong part of a control construct | - design tests that execute each loop zero times, exactly once, and more than once
- ensure that anything 'bad' or 'unusual' that could happen while looping is made to occur on the first iteration and the last iteration
| inappropriately excluding the action from, or including the action in, a loop or if-then-else construct | black-box testing, so glass-box testing or inspections may be more effective | A common defect in which the program performs an action when it should not, or does not perform an action when it should | 10.3 - Defects in Ordinary Algorithms | defect in an ordinary algorithm |