Linguistic Problems and Complexities
Lexical Cases
1. Lexical Ambiguity
in syntactic category
(part of speech)
in word denotation
in abbreviation denotation
2. Lexical Gaps
3. Unrecognized Words
4. Idioms
5. Subidiomatic Expressions
Syntactic Cases
6. Center Embedding
7. Garden Path Sentences
8. Extensive Clause Ordination
(run-on sentences)
9. Syntactic Ambiguity
in modifier scope
in phrase reference
in coordinated conjunction
in indirect object sense
in contracted possessives
in part of speech
10. Ellipsis
11. Cross-serial Agreement
12. Anaphora
13. Multiple Word Nouns and Merged Noun Compounds
14. Preposed Phrases
15. Syntactically Ill-formed Input
16. Nominals
17. Invalid Transformations
interrogative
reflexive
18. Ergative Verbs
19. Homomorphy
(similar syntax, different semantics)
20. Long Range Reference
21. Comparison
Lexical Semantic Cases
22. Literal vs Idiomatic Use
23. Intensive vs Extensive Usage
24. Universal vs Specific Quantification
25. Ambiguity
inherent
(polysemy and homonymy)
auto-antonymy
in quantifier sense
Syntactic Semantic Cases
26. Ungrammaticality
(to aid communication)
27. Passivization Effect
28. Referential Opacity/Obliquity
29. Conventional Ambiguity
30. Complementary or Copulative Verbs
31. Uninstantiated Reference
32. Meaning Shift through Extension
33. Reference through Synonym
Discourse Semantic Cases
34. Diexis in Dialogue
35. Dialogue Attribution
36. Speech Acts
37. de re vs de dicto Scope
37. Modal and Hypothetical Existence
38. Necessary vs Accidental Consequence
39. Indeterminate Set Membership